时间:2024-08-31
刘思为, 石洪成
复旦大学附属中山医院核医学科,上海 200032
·综述·
18F-FDGPET/CT在骨感染中应用的研究进展
刘思为, 石洪成*
复旦大学附属中山医院核医学科,上海 200032
部分类型骨感染具有病程长、治疗困难、预后差等特点,早期而准确的诊断非常重要,传统影像学检查对其诊断效果不佳。18F-FDG PET/CT是功能显像的一种,逐渐被广泛应用于感染性疾病的临床诊治。本文就18F-FDG PET/CT在骨感染的诊断、疗效评估等方面的应用加以综述。
PET/CT;骨髓炎;脊柱炎;人工关节感染
骨感染可以发生在任何年龄段。血源性、软组织感染以及创伤或手术后感染较为常见。骨感染最常见的致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌。骨感染后常诊断困难、病程迁延、治疗复杂、预后较差,早期而准确的诊断能减少不必要的治疗措施、改善患者的预后,节约时间和经济成本。近年来,功能代谢显像技术应用逐渐广泛,18F-FDG PET/CT作为最新的影像学检查方法,融合了解剖结构显像与功能代谢显像技术,能反映人体内葡萄糖的代谢情况。研究[1-2]表明,18F-FDG PET/CT可用于骨感染的诊断和疗效评估。因此,本文对18F-FDG PET/CT在慢性骨髓炎、糖尿病足骨髓炎、化脓性脊柱炎及人工关节感染中的应用作一综述。
骨髓炎是由微生物感染引起的伴有骨组织破坏的炎性反应,可累及骨髓、骨质、骨膜及周围软组织。骨髓炎根据病程可分为急性、亚急性和慢性[3]。对于急性骨髓炎,MRI和骨显像都有较好的灵敏度[2,4],结合临床表现和实验室检查可以明确诊断。而对于慢性骨髓炎,由于骨骼正常的解剖结构和生理功能发生改变,常规影像及实验室检查诊断的准确度较差。CT和MRI是诊断慢性骨髓炎的常用方法,但其诊断的灵敏度和特异度一般,不易与术后改变鉴别,也无法避免金属假体的影响;骨显像的灵敏度为82.7%,特异度仅为44.6%;白细胞显像的灵敏度和特异度分别为74.2%、88.1%[5],但由于过程复杂,国内开展较少。
Meta分析[5]结果显示,18F-FDG PET和PET/CT诊断慢性骨髓炎的灵敏度和特异度分别为92.3%、92.0%,优于其他影像学检查。Wenter等[6]纳入215例患者,发现PET/CT的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)、准确度分别是88%、76%、76%、89%、82%,相比单独PET检查更准确。而联合PET/CT和MRI对骨髓炎诊断的准确度可达100%[7]。也有研究[8]报道,PET/CT早期动态显像与常规显像对骨髓炎的诊断效果相仿。
总之,PET/CT在慢性骨髓炎诊断中有一定应用价值,但其诊断标准和适用范围等尚需进一步的研究。目前慢性骨髓炎的首选检查方法仍是MRI,对于MRI不能明确诊断的患者,建议补充PET/CT检查。
足部感染是糖尿病患者常见的并发症,常继发于顽固性溃疡,感染侵犯骨组织可进展为骨髓炎,治疗困难,甚至可能需截肢[9]。活检虽为诊断的金标准,但无法应用于全部病例,病史、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查都不易在病变早期准确地诊断糖尿病足骨髓炎[2]。
MRI是糖尿病足骨髓炎常用的检查方法,但糖尿病其他的并发症如神经性骨关节炎、应激反应等可使MRI结果呈假阳性[10]。同位素显像中,白细胞显像应用较广泛,99Tc-WBC诊断的灵敏度为86%~93%、特异度为80%~98%,111In-WBC诊断的灵敏度为72%~100%、特异度为67%~100%[4]。白细胞显像还可以评估糖尿病足骨髓炎的疗效,其灵敏度和特异度分别为100%、91.5%[11]。
一项Meta分析[10]对比18F-FDG PET和PET/CT与其他影像学检查的诊断效果,结果显示,18F-FDG PET和PET/CT诊断的灵敏度为74%、特异度为91%,并可以有效鉴别糖尿病足骨髓炎、软组织感染、夏科氏关节炎,由于PET/CT具有较好的特异度,使其诊断的准确度高于CT、MRI、骨显像或白细胞显像;且PET/CT诊断的准确度和对感染灶的定位优于单独PET检查。此外,Yang等[12]研究发现,轻微的血糖升高不会影响PET/CT的诊断结果,所以PET/CT可以应用于糖尿病足的诊断。但是,Familiari等[13]纳入13例患者,得到白细胞显像的准确度为92%,而PET/CT只有54%,认为PET/CT不能取代白细胞显像。
我们认为,18F-FDG PET/CT对于糖尿病足骨髓炎的早期诊断有一定意义,作为补充检查有助于鉴别诊断和明确感染的范围,指导进一步的治疗。但相关研究的具体诊断方法不一致,缺乏统一的阳性标准,仍需要进一步的研究。
化脓性脊柱炎一般由血行感染引起,好发于腰椎,病灶可累及椎弓、椎体及椎间盘。化脓性脊柱炎虽然临床上较少见,但病情严重,若转为慢性,则终身难愈。MRI是诊断化脓性脊柱炎的常用方法,对椎体、椎管内及周围软组织的病灶都很敏感[14]。相比MRI,18F-FDG PET/CT具有更好的诊断效果。文献[15-17]报道,PET/CT诊断化脓性脊柱炎的准确度为84%~96%,而MRI则为72%~81%,此外,PET/CT还可以发现MRI不能显示的病灶[18]。Fuster等研究[17]发现,PET/CT诊断化脓性脊柱炎的灵敏度较MRI稍差(83%vs94%),但特异度更好(88%vs38%),认为PET/CT应作为化脓性脊柱炎的首选检查方法 。Smids等[15]研究发现,在化脓性脊柱炎发病2周内,PET/CT的诊断准确度优于MRI(97%vs58%),而在2周后,两者准确度接近(94%vs82%),说明PET/CT在早期诊断方面更具有优势。
研究[19-21]结果显示,18F-FDG PET/CT还可以用以评估化脓性脊柱炎的疗效。Riccio等[20]发现,经抗感染无效的病例表现为椎骨和软组织中FDG摄取持续增强;而治疗有效的表现为FDG摄取增强仅局限在受损的椎间盘边缘,该组患者在停止治疗6~8周后未见复发;但是,最大标准摄取值(SUVmax)不能作为诊断感染的依据。Niccoli等[21]纳入15例化脓性脊柱炎患者,在治疗前、后(间隔6周)行MRI和PET/CT检查,评估治疗效果,显示PET/CT的准确度为100%,而MRI仅为53%。同时,PET/CT对化脓性脊柱炎病灶的定位也优于MRI,有助于明确手术治疗的范围[22]。
虽然有研究[4]认为,脊柱退化性病变和脊柱内假体会导致FDG摄取增强,而且PET/CT不易鉴别脊柱炎症和肿瘤,因此不适用于脊柱感染的诊断,但18F-FDG PET/CT对化脓性脊柱炎的早期诊断、治疗方案的制定和疗效评估具有积极意义。
随着接受关节置换术患者的逐年增多,人工关节感染作为关节术后的严重并发症,越来越受到人们的重视[23]。人工关节感染在首次术后的发病率约为2%,再次术后约为5%。临床工作中最重要的是将感染与假体无菌性松动进行鉴别。无菌性松动是由人体的自身免疫反应导致,治疗方式为一期翻修术,而人工关节感染不仅手术方式更为复杂,还需要持续的抗感染治疗。人工关节感染临床症状隐蔽,与无菌性松动的影像表现相似,鉴别困难[24]。
同位素显像在人工关节感染的诊断中应用广泛,骨显像的准确度为50%~70%,67Ga显像的准确度为60%~80%。白细胞显像是同位素显像中的“金标准”,其准确度为90%;近30年的相关研究证实了白细胞显像具有较高的灵敏度和特异度[25]。
关于18F-FDG PET诊断人工关节感染的研究结果差异较大,对其能否取代白细胞显像也有争议[24, 26]。Love等[27]认为,白细胞显像诊断的准确度高于PET(95%vs71%)。Pill等[28]的研究中,PET诊断的灵敏度和特异度分别为95%、93%,而白细胞显像则分别为50%、95.1% 。Yue等[23]认为,18F-FDG PET/CT尚不能取代白细胞显像。但是,Basu等[29]纳入221例患者,PET诊断人工髋关节的灵敏度和特异度分别为81.8%、93.1%,诊断膝关节感染的灵敏度和特异度94.7%、88.2%;白细胞显像分别为38.5%、95.7%,33.3%、88.5%。结果说明PET对髋关节感染的灵敏度高于白细胞显像,其他数据两者相似。Kumar等[30]对42例髋关节置换术后可疑感染的患者进行了研究,结果显示PET/CT诊断的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为93.7%、92.3%、92.8% 。Shemesh等[31]报道,PET/CT可以帮助鉴别术后的感染性不愈合、非感染性不愈合、软组织感染和慢性骨髓炎,其特异度可达100%。Chatziioannou等[32]在动物模型上证明,PET/CT可以用来监测人工关节感染抗感染治疗的疗效 。
因此,Kwee等[33]认为,Yue等[23]的综述参考文献时间较早,不能代表目前的诊断水平,且PET/CT的性能要优于单独PET,所以PET/CT的诊断价值在该文中被低估了。因此,18F-FDG PET/CT在人工关节感染的诊断和疗效评估中有较好的潜在应用价值。目前有关PET/CT在人工关节感染中应用的研究较少,PET/CT对人工关节感染的诊断效能还需要进一步多中心大样本研究。
综上所述,部分类型骨感染始终是临床诊断和治疗的难题。致病菌的耐药性、外科手术的增加以及偶发隐匿的深部感染,让骨感染病情趋于复杂化和隐匿化。近年来,多项研究表明,18F-FDG PET/CT可用于诊断慢性骨髓炎、糖尿病足骨髓炎、化脓性骨髓炎和人工植入物感染,对于疾病的早期诊断、治疗方案的制定、疗效的评估都有重要的作用。随着技术的进步和认识的不断深入,相信18F-FDG PET/CT在骨感染的诊断与疗效评价中将会发挥更大的作用。
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Role of18F-FDG PET/CT in bone infection: recent progress
LIU Si-wei, SHI Hong-cheng*
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Some kinds of bone infection are characterized by long course, treatment difficulty and poor prognosis, so early and accurate diagnosis is very important to them. The diagnosis of such infections are not always obvious by using traditional imaging procedures.18F-FDG PET/CT is a functional imaging procedure that is widely used in the diagnosis of infection. In this paper, the role of18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis and curative effect evaluation of bone infection is reviewed.
PET/CT; osteomyelitis; spondylitis; prosthetic joint infection
2017-02-07接受日期2017-02-27
刘思为, 硕士, 住院医师. E-mail: liusw90@126.com
*通信作者(Corresponding author). Tel: 021-64041990-12205, E-mail: shi.hongcheng@zs-hospital.sh.cn
10.12025/j.issn.1008-6358.2017.20170086
R 681.2
A
[本文编辑] 姬静芳
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