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不同剂量阿托伐他汀治疗早期心肾综合征的疗效比较

时间:2024-08-31

姚建华 陈德 马瑾 王蕊 王渊铭 王豪 邵彩红 许嘉鸿

(1.同济大学附属杨浦医院心内科,上海 200090;2.同济大学附属东方医院急诊内科,

上海 200120;3.同济大学附属同济医院心内科,上海 200440)



·论著·

不同剂量阿托伐他汀治疗早期心肾综合征的疗效比较

姚建华1陈德1马瑾1王蕊1王渊铭1王豪1邵彩红2许嘉鸿3

(1.同济大学附属杨浦医院心内科,上海200090;2.同济大学附属东方医院急诊内科,

上海200120;3.同济大学附属同济医院心内科,上海200440)

摘要目的:观察不同剂量阿托伐他汀对慢性心力衰竭引起的早期心肾综合征的疗效。方法: 选择90例慢性心力衰竭引起的早期心肾综合征患者,随机分为常规治疗组(A组)、阿托伐他汀20 mg组(B组)、阿托伐他汀40 mg组(C组),各30例。A组给予常规抗心衰药物治疗,B组和C组在常规抗心衰药物治疗基础上分别口服阿托伐他汀20 mg/d、40 mg/d。测量3组治疗前及治疗3个月、6个月后血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)浓度、肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)、左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、血超敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)浓度等,并进行组间比较。结果:3组治疗3个月、6个月后LVEF均较治疗前增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01),但3组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗3个月后,A组、B组的Scr及GFR与治疗前比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);C组Scr及GFR均较治疗前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3组间Scr及GFR差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗6个月后,A组Scr、GFR与治疗前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组、C组Scr、GFR较治疗前改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);C组治疗6个月后Scr、GFR较治疗3个月后改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗6个月后,B组、C组Scr与A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05、0.01),C组Scr与B组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),C组GFR与A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组hs-CRP治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组、C组治疗3个月及6个月后hs-CRP均较治疗前降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);C组治疗6个月后hs-CRP与治疗3个月后差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);B组、C组治疗6个月后hs-CRP与A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05、0.01),同时,B组和C组间hs-CRP差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在常规治疗的基础上加用阿托伐他汀可明显改善肾功能,其机制可能与阿托伐他汀能够控制炎性反应有关;阿托伐他汀对肾功能的保护与其剂量相关。

关键词心肾综合征;阿托伐他汀;超敏C反应蛋白;血清肌酐;肾小球滤过率

心肾综合征(cardiorenal syndrome,CRS)是指心脏或肾脏功能衰竭时相互影响、相互加重而导致心肾功能进一步恶化的一种综合征。他汀类药物能够改善肾功能,其中以阿托伐他汀的疗效较好、不良反应较低。阿托伐他汀能够通过保护血管内皮功能,改善肾小球基底膜通透性,从而减少白蛋白渗出,延缓慢性心力衰竭患者的肾损害。本研究通过观察不同剂量阿托伐他汀对慢性心力衰竭引起的早期CRS的治疗效果,探讨阿托伐他汀在治疗早期CRS中的临床意义及机制。

1资料与方法

1.1一般资料选择2014年3月—9月同济大学附属杨浦医院心内科门诊及住院部诊治的慢性心力衰竭[参照美国纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)分级]并发早期CRS[即肾功能处于不完全代偿期,肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)为60~89 mL/min]患者90例,其中男性48例,女性42例;年龄40~80岁,平均年龄(67.50±7.22)岁。将90例患者随机分为常规治疗组(A组)、阿托伐他汀20 mg组(B组)和阿托伐他汀40 mg组(C组),各30例。A组按照《心血管病治疗指南和建议》给予慢性心力衰竭常规治疗,B组和C组在常规治疗的基础上分别每晚口服阿托伐他汀钙片(商品名:立普妥;批准文号:国药准字H20051408;美国辉瑞制药有限公司,20 mg/片)20 mg和40 mg。排除有急性心肌梗死或不稳定性心绞痛者以及近期有心脏手术史者;排除有恶性肿瘤、血液系统疾病、严重肝肾疾病、急慢性感染、精神病及近1个月应用他汀类药物者。其中严重肝肾疾病的标准为丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)大于2.5倍正常上限;血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)大于2倍正常上限。3组患者临床基线资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。

1.2观察指标和方法应用美国罗氏800全自动生化分析仪测定Scr,正常值为72~127 μmol/L。GFR采用改良简化MDRD方程估测。hs-CRP采用乳胶凝集比浊法测定,正常值0~10 mg/L。

1.3不良反应观察肝功能异常:ALT水平高于正常上限2倍以上(ALT>100 U/L)。横纹肌溶解:伴有肌痛、压痛、肿胀及无力,肌酸激酶高于正常上限10倍以上。

2结果

2.13组左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)、Scr、GFR、hs-CRP比较A、B、C 3组治疗3个月、6个月后LVEF与治疗前差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01),但3组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗3个月后,A组、B组Scr及GFR与治疗前差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),C组Scr及GFR与治疗前差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),3组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗6个月后,A组Scr、GFR与治疗前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组、C组Scr、GFR与治疗前差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),C组治疗6个月后Scr、GFR与治疗3个月后差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),B组和C组Scr与A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01),C组Scr与B组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),C组GFR与A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组hs-CRP治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组、C组治疗3个月后及治疗6个月后hs-CRP与治疗前差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),C组治疗6个月后hs-CRP与治疗3个月后差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗6个月后B组和C组hs-CRP与A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01),B组和C组hs-CRP差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。

项目A组(n=30)B组(n=30)C组(n=30)男性/女性18/1216/1414/16吸烟史161513年龄/岁67.17±8.1168.40±6.6766.92±6.88并发症 高血压202221 血脂异常656 糖尿病535ALT/(U/L)20.57±7.8219.17±8.5417.07±8.38AST/(U/L)23.13±5.0922.00±5.3323.87±7.44Scr/(μmol/L)89.67±11.9885.73±12.6086.27±12.56GFR/(mL/min)70.66±10.1072.68±9.6471.71±11.91TC/(mmol/L)4.97±1.034.71±1.094.95±1.00TG/(mmol/L)1.52±0.611.59±0.621.66±0.52LDL-C/(mmol/L)3.10±0.793.07±0.943.05±0.97HDL-C/(mmol/L)1.36±0.411.49±0.491.37±0.54NT-proBNP/(μg/L)3920±24293878±26704337±2651hs-CRP/(mg/L)6.63±1.837.00±2.236.70±1.80LVEF/%42.23±4.9442.71±5.4741.21±6.71

注:TC为总胆固醇(total cholesterol);TG为三酰甘油(triglycerides);LDL-C为低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol);HDL-C为高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol);NT-proBNP为N-末端脑钠肽前体(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide);hs-CRP为超敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive protein);LVEF为左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction)

组别LVEF/% Scr/(μmol/L) GFR/(mL/min) hs-CRP/(mg/L) A组 治疗前42.23±4.9489.67±11.9870.66±10.106.63±1.83 治疗3个月后45.20±6.36*87.57±15.0475.76±23.186.33±1.99 治疗6个月后47.45±4.68**86.60±9.5674.55±17.497.00±1.58B组 治疗前42.71±5.4785.73±12.6072.68±9.647.00±2.23 治疗3个月后46.25±5.37*83.80±12.3875.86±17.266.20±2.40** 治疗6个月后47.85±6.09**80.77±11.70**△77.99±11.23**6.10±1.94**△C组 治疗前41.21±6.7186.27±12.5671.74±11.916.70±1.80 治疗3个月后45.93±5.21**83.27±12.74*75.27±15.07*5.80±1.81** 治疗6个月后48.52±7.70**75.07±10.98**##△△▲84.70±16.69**##△5.03±1.63**##△△▲

注:与同组治疗前比较,*P<0.05,**P<0.01;与同组治疗3个月后比较,##P<0.01;与A组治疗6个月后比较,△P<0.05,△△P<0.01;与B组治疗6个月后比较,▲P<0.05

2.2不良反应B组和C组用药3个月后分别出现1例肝功能异常,表现为ALT升高(分别为104 U/L、117 U/L);2组均无横纹肌溶解发生。

3讨论

近年来,随着对心、肾相互作用认识的加深,CRS的定义也不断发生变化。2008年意大利学者Ronco等[1]将CRS定义为:肾脏或者心脏在病理状态下发生急慢性功能损伤,从而导致另一器官发生急慢性功能损伤。此概念强调心脏、肾脏的双向调节作用,被急性透析质量指导组(Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative,ADQI)[2]采用作为CRS的统一定义。

目前,CRS的发病机制尚不清楚,可能与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活、炎性反应、一氧化氮/活性氧失衡、交感神经系统激活、贫血、血管加压素及内皮素异常、管-球反馈异常等有关。其中,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的激活在上述机制中处于重要地位。此外,目前尚没有确定CRS的治疗策略,可能有效的药物或治疗措施有:利钠肽和血管扩张剂、利尿剂、神经激素拮抗剂、铁剂和促红细胞生成素、腺苷受体拮抗剂、血管加压素受体拮抗剂、他汀类药物、血液净化等。

阿托伐他汀属于第3代3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA,HMG-CoA)还原酶抑制剂,能降低血TC和LDL-C而增加HDL-C,是目前临床上应用最广泛的调脂药物。本研究结果显示,3组治疗后LVEF值均较治疗前改善,且差异均有统计学意义,但3组间差异无统计学意义,表明阿托伐他汀未能明显提高LVEF,不能改善心力衰竭患者的心脏心肌重塑。C组治疗3个月后Scr及GFR与治疗前差异有统计学意义,但3组间差异无统计学意义;治疗6个月后,B组、C组Scr、GFR与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义,且C组Scr、GFR与治疗3个月后比较差异亦有统计学意义,C组Scr与A、B组差异均有统计学意义,C组GFR与A组差异有统计学意义,表明加用阿托伐他汀后患者肾功能较常规治疗组改善明显,但B组和C组Scr与GFR差异无统计学意义,这可能与改良简化MDRD方程估测存在一定误差有关,进一步研究可通过99mTc-DTPA排泄率来准确测定GFR水平。治疗6个月后3组间Scr比较差异均有统计学意义,表明加用阿托伐他汀40 mg较阿托伐他汀20 mg对肾功能的改善更明显。B组、C组治疗3个月后及治疗6个月后hs-CRP与治疗前差异均有统计学意义,C组治疗6个月后hs-CRP与治疗3个月后差异统计学意义,且治疗6个月后3组间hs-CRP差异均有统计学意义,表明阿托伐他汀具有抗炎作用,抗炎效果与剂量及时间有一定相关性,且肾功能改善可能与炎性反应的控制相关。本研究表明,阿托伐他汀在治疗早期CRS中起积极作用。他汀类药物具有多效性,除通过降脂作用降低心血管疾病的发病率、改善心血管疾病患者的预后外,还发挥其他作用,如:改善血管内皮细胞功能[3],抗氧化、抗血栓、抗炎[4],抑制神经内分泌系统激活[5],清除自由基、抑制自由基产生,从而减轻肾脏损伤,改善肾脏功能。研究[6]认为,他汀类药物主要是通过减少内皮素-1的合成、促进一氧化氮的产生或增强其活性来改善肾脏血流和GFR,保护肾功能。

CRP除有促炎作用外,还可引起血管内皮细胞损伤,抑制一氧化氮合酶的表达,导致肾脏缺血、缺氧。血清CRP是血管舒张功能的独立预测因子,尤其以hs-CRP更有预测价值。Wanner等[7]研究表明,阿托伐他汀可显著抑制肾小球系膜细胞分泌白介素-6,抑制炎性反应,减轻肾损害。王利芳等[8]认为,阿托伐他汀可通过降低抗炎作用来改善心力衰竭患者的肾功能;通过减轻氧化应激、减少内皮黏附分子的表达、抑制补体复合物介导的内皮损伤、增加一氧化氮的合成,起到抗炎及改善血管内皮的功能。

本研究表明,阿托伐他汀能够改善肾功能,且改善程度与其剂量相关,但由于样本量较少,不能充分说明阿托伐他汀在治疗早期CRS中的机制及确切疗效仍待进一步研究。

参考文献

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Efficacy Analysis of Different Doses of Atorvastatin in the Treatment of Early Cardiorenal Syndrome

YAOJianhua1CHENDe1MAJin1WANGRui1WANGYuanming1WANGHao1SHAOCaihong2XUJiahong31.DepartmentofCardiology,YangpuHospital,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200090,China;2.DepartmentofEmergencyMedicine,EastHospital,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200120,China;3.DepartmentofCardiology,TongjiHospital,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai200440,China

AbstractObjective:To observe the efficacy of different doses of atorvastatin on the early cardiorenal syndrome caused by chronic heart failure. Methods:A total of 90 patients with early cardiorenal syndrome caused by chronic heart failure were randomly divided into conventional treatment group(group A),atorvastatin 20 mg group(group B) and atorvastatin 40 mg group(group C),with 30 patients in each group.The patients in group A received therapy of conventional anti-heart failure agent,the patients in group B and group C orally received atorvastatin 20 mg/d,40 mg/d respectively,based on the therapy of conventional anti-heart failure agent. Serum creatinine(Scr) and glomerular filtration rate(GFR),left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) of patients in the three groups,were detected, before the treatment, after 3 months of treatment, and after 6 months of treatment.And the data were compared among the groups. Results: After 3 months or 6 months of treatment,levels of LVEF in 3 groups were higher than that before treatment(P<0.05,0.01).There was no significant difference among the 3 groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the levels of Scr and GFR in group A or group B after 3 months of treatment and those before treatment(P>0.05). The levels of Scr and GFR in group C after 3 months of treatment were improved, while compared with those before treatment, and the differences showed statistically significant (P<0.05).There was no significant difference among the 3 groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the levels of Scr and GFR in group A After 6 months of treatment and that before treatment(P>0.05).The levels of Scr,GFR in group B and group C significantly improved after 3 months of treatment, while compared with those before treatment(P<0.01).The levels of Scr and GFR in group C after 6 months of treatment,improved significantly, while compared with that after 3 months of treatment(P<0.01).The levels of Scr in group B and group C were significantly different from that in group A, after 6 months of treatment (P<0.05,0.01),while the level of Scr in group C was significantly different from that in group B(P<0.05)and the level of GFR in group C was significantly different from that in group A(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between the levels of hs-CRP in group A before the treatment and after treatment(P>0.05).After 3 months and 6 months of treatment, the levels of hs-CRP in group B and group C, were significantly different from that before treatment(P<0.01).After 6 months of treatment,the level of hs-CRP in group C, was significantly different from that after 3 months of treatment(P<0.01).After 6 months of treatment,the levels of hs-CRP in group B and group C were significantly different from that in group A(P<0.05,0.01),meanwhile there was significant difference between the levels of hs-CRP in group B and that in group C(P<0.05). Conclusions: On the basis of conventional therapy, atorvastatin could improve the renal function significantly. Its mechanism may be related to the ability of atorvastatin in controlling the inflammatory reaction. The renal function protection of atorvastatin is related to the dose.

Key WordsCardiorenal syndrome;Atorvastatin;High sensitivity C-reactive protein;Serum creatinine;Glomerular filtration rate

通讯作者陈德,E-mail:dechenwei@126.com

基金项目:同济大学附属杨浦医院基金项目(编号:SE1201214);上海市卫生局项目(编号:20124Y103)

中图分类号R541

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