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我国幽门螺杆菌感染的现状分析

时间:2024-09-03

王 雪, 李异玲, 吕晓辉

中国医科大学附属第一医院消化内科,辽宁 沈阳 110000



专题·幽门螺杆菌

我国幽门螺杆菌感染的现状分析

王 雪, 李异玲, 吕晓辉

中国医科大学附属第一医院消化内科,辽宁 沈阳 110000

我国幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)的感染率在不同地区、不同时期、不同人群中不同,且呈逐年下降趋势。目前,由于抗生素的广泛使用,H.pylori耐药情况已成为影响其根除率的重要因素,含铋剂的四联疗法较标准三联疗法有更好的治疗效果,已作为抗H.pylori治疗的首选方案之一;同时,个体化治疗和辅助用药越来越被重视。

中国;幽门螺杆菌;流行病学;除菌治疗现状;耐药情况

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)是一种微需氧、对生长条件要求十分苛刻的革兰阴性杆菌。近年来,H.pylori与各种疾病的关系被相继报道,尤其是慢性胃炎和胃溃疡,其在医学研究中的地位越来越重要。本文就我国H.pylori感染的现状进行分析。

1 流行病学

1.1 不同地区H.pylori感染率 我国不同地区H.pylori感染率不同。Tang等[1]在2014年研究了8 365名成都永久居民H.pylori感染情况,其感染率为53.1%。Pan等[2]研究了胃癌高发区山东临朐县184 786名居民H.pylori感染情况,感染率为57.6%。孟欣颖等[3]从1 813名青岛市民中得到的H.pylori感染率为46.8%。斯庆图娜拉等[4]报道2012年-2015年鄂尔多斯市H.pylori感染率为45.76%。研究报道,2014年-2015年沈阳市健康人群H.pylori感染率为46.01%[5]。2013年-2014年南京市健康人群H.pylori感染率为43.56%[6]。2014年河南许昌县健康人群H.pylori感染率48.7%[7]。2012年-2013年江苏东台市、浙江宁波市、武汉地区健康人群H.pylori感染率分别为44.43%[8]、62.7%[9]和46.8%[10]。

1.2H.pylori感染的发展趋势H.pylori的感染率在不同时期不同,且呈逐年下降趋势。Wang等[11]调查了1990年-2002年21个省,25 209人的H.pylori感染情况,平均感染率为58.07%。Zhang等[12]报道2002年-2004年覆盖19个省的26 341人H.pylori感染情况,平均感染率为54.76%。Jiang等[13]综合了前人对H.pylori感染情况的调查,运用科学的统计方法得到2004年-2008年和2009年-2013年我国H.pylori平均感染率分别为45.47%和42.06%。从中我们可以看到,从1990年-2002年到2009年-2013年我国H.pylori的感染率存在有意义的下降。此外,在广州1993年-2003年(62.5%→49.3%)[14],中国香港1997年-2003年(44%→36%)[15],山东马平1990年-2006年(73.78%→50.95%)[16],北京1990年-2006年(55.35%→41.35%)[16],中国东南方2003年-2012年(42.40%→23.82%)[17]的H.pylori感染率调查中,我们也能看到呈下降趋势的感染率。

1.3 不同人群H.pylori感染情况 Huang等[18]检测了上海市1 988名7~18岁儿童H.pylori感染情况,发现小学组(7~12岁)、初中组(13~15岁)、高中组(16~18岁)感染率分别为27.4%、33.6%和45.1%,可见H.pylori感染率随年龄增加而升高。Zhang等[19]在376名儿童中观察到3~7岁、8~12岁、13~16岁H.pylori的感染率分别为39.5%、41.0%、54.5%,随着年龄增加,H.pylori感染率也增加。此外,Ding等[20]在研究3 491名0~18岁儿童中,Xu等[21]在观察1 442名儿童中,Hou等[22]在研究394名1~13岁的儿童中,Wong等[23]对1997年-2004年159名儿童进行回顾性分析中,均发现随年龄增加,H.pylori感染率也增加。医务工作者,尤其是胃肠道和口腔医师要比非医务工作者有较高的H.pylori感染率[24]。

不同亚型H.pylori混合感染的问题存在于临床中[25],成功根除后再感染问题也同样存在。Zhang等[26]通过文献检索对36篇文章的原始数据进行统计分析,发现在成人中再感染率为0~23.4%,儿童为1.9%~9.6%。此外,H.pylori感染率还与BMI[27]、家庭收入、饮食卫生、教育、婚姻状况[28]、家庭聚集[29]等有关。

2 H.pylori除菌治疗现状

2000年,EHSG第3次Maastricht共识会议建议将PPI、克拉霉素、阿莫西林或甲硝唑结合的标准三联疗法作为根除H.pylori的一线治疗方案[30]。但由于近年来抗生素的广泛应用,H.pylori耐药率不断增长,其根除率不断下降。2012年我国标准三联疗法H.pylori根除率只有73.5%[31]。左氧氟沙星是具有广谱抗菌作用的喹诺酮类抗生素,已被建议取代克拉霉素在三联疗法中的位置[32]。14 d含左氧氟沙星的三联疗法,根除率达95%[32],但仅建议应用在对喹诺酮敏感的菌株或根除率<90%且对喹诺酮敏感的地区[33]。

2012年,我国第4次全国幽门螺杆菌共识[34]指出三联疗法已不适合作为一线治疗方案,伴同疗法缺乏我国资料,序贯疗法与标准三联疗法相比在我国多中心的研究中也并未显示出优势[35],含铋剂的四联疗法可作为抗H.pylori治疗的首选方案之一[36]。经典的铋剂四联方案包括铋剂、PPI、四环素和甲硝唑。但我国由于四环素不易获得,H.pylori对甲硝唑的高耐药性[37]及其不耐受的不良反应,经典铋剂四联方案在我国难以实行。呋喃唑酮由于临床上较少应用,其敏感性接近100%[38]。含呋喃唑酮铋剂四联疗法得到越来越多的重视。一项424例的单中心随机研究得出,2周含呋喃唑酮铋剂四联疗法H.pylori根除率为95.2%(PP)和99.0%(ITT)[39]。铋剂、阿莫西林、克拉霉素、PPI的结合也被作为一种治疗手段,在低耐药区,其根除率为81.3%(ITT)和89.7%(PP)[40]。但由于克拉霉素的耐药性较高,此方案不作为经验治疗[39]。不含铋剂的四联疗法,如雷贝拉唑、阿莫西林、左氧氟沙星、呋喃唑酮[41]在研究中被证实有94.3%的根除率。此外,阿莫西林和四环素结合的四联疗法也获得较高的根除率[41]。同一种治疗方案,不同的疗程会有不同的治疗效果。两个多变量的回顾性分析均显示,同一治疗方案,随着治疗疗程的增加,根除率提高[42]。

由于H.pylori根除率存在个体差异,个体化治疗越来越被重视。一项含有3 512例患者,13个临床对照试验的分析显示,依据敏感性、CYP2C19基因型检测、分子检测或培养结果制定的个体化治疗均比经验治疗的除菌率高[43]。

初次H.pylori治疗失败需进行H.pylori复治的情况存在于临床中。在不同的研究中,与其他疗法相比获得较高的根除率并可作为二线治疗的方案有:14 d兰索拉唑+阿莫西林+呋喃唑酮+铋剂(根除率ITT 90.35%和PP 91.96%)[44]、10 d埃索美拉唑+呋喃唑酮+阿莫西林+铋剂(根除率ITT 83.8%和PP 88.2%)[45]、含莫西沙星的三联疗法(根除率79.03%)[46]、10 d雷贝拉唑+铋剂+阿莫西林+米诺环素(根除率ITT 84.1%和PP 88.3%)[47]和4 d兰索拉唑+铋剂+四环素+甲硝唑(根除率ITT 90.6%和PP 88.1%)[48]。

此外,作为辅助药物,益生菌[49]、依卡倍特钠[50]、荆花胃康[51]、杀菌肽[52]、重组人乳铁蛋白[53]等均对H.pylori的消除有一定作用,但需要更多的研究证实这一结论。

3 耐药情况

H.pylori的治疗效果与其对抗生素的耐药性有直接联系。2012年,第4次全国幽门螺杆菌感染处理共识报告[34]指出,用于根除H.pylori的6种药物中,甲硝唑耐药率为60%~70%,左氧氟沙星为30%~38%,克拉霉素为20%~38%,呋喃唑酮、阿莫西林、四环素的耐药率仍很低[37]。

不同时期、不同地区H.pylori对抗生素的耐药性不同。Zhang等[54]分别研究了北京地区2009年-2010年和2013年-2014年371例和950例H.pylori阳性患者。在2009年-2010年,H.pylori对甲硝唑、克拉霉素、左氧氟沙星、利福平、阿莫西林、四环素的耐药率分别为66.8%、39.9%、34.5%、15.4%、6.7%、4.9%,2013年-2014年,耐药率变为63.4%、52.6%、54.8%、18.2%、4.4%、7.3%,且在2009年-2010年,对单种、2种、3种、4种、5种、6种抗生素敏感的H.pylori菌株分别为33.7%、28.3%、16.7%、6.2%、0.3%和0.3%。到2013年-2014年,敏感率变为27.6%、28.4%、24.9%、7.3%、2.3%和0.1%。研究还显示,非溃疡患者H.pylori对克拉霉素的耐药性高于溃疡患者。左氧氟沙星和甲硝唑耐药在女性和中老年患者中更常见。Sun等[55]研究了上海地区2000年-2009年H.pylori对甲硝唑、克拉霉素、阿莫西林、呋喃唑酮、左氧氟沙星、四环素的耐药性。对克拉霉素的耐药率变化从8.6%、9.0%到20.7%,对左氧氟沙星耐药率变化从10.3%、24.0%到32.5%,对甲硝唑的耐药率较稳定,维持在40%~50%,所有菌株均对阿莫西林和呋喃唑酮敏感[37]。

我国H.pylori感染率在不同时期不同且呈逐年下降趋势。由于抗生素的广泛使用,标准三联疗法已不能达到满意的根除率,含铋剂的四联疗法成为抗H.pylori的首选方案之一。H.pylori对抗生素的耐药情况是影响其根除率的重要因素,规范使用抗生素问题应该被重视。此外,益生菌、荆花胃康、杀菌肽等辅助用药对H.pylori的根除有一定的效果,但需大样本的研究证实。

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(责任编辑:马 军)

Analysis of Helicobacter pylori infection in China

WANG Xue, LI Yiling, LV Xiaohui

Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China

The infection rate of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) in China has a difference in different regions, periods and populations. At present, due to the widespread use of antibiotics, drug resistance ofH.pylorihas became an important factor affecting the eradication rate. Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy has a better therapeutic effect than standard triple therapy and becomes one of the preferred options for anti-H.pyloritreatment. At the same time, individualized treatment and adjuvant drugs are gaining more and more attention.

China; Helicobacter pylori; Epidemiology; Sterilization treatment status; Drug resistance

10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.06.006

王雪,研究方向:消化系统疾病。E-mail:2571222989@qq.com

吕晓辉,副教授,副主任医师,研究方向:各种消化系统疾病诊断及治疗。E-mail:Lvxiaohui1122@163.com

R378

A

1006-5709(2017)06-0640-04

2017-04-01

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