时间:2024-09-03
潘宇澄,黄文虎
(复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院放射科,上海 200031)
额窦原发恶性肿瘤的CT和MRI表现
潘宇澄,黄文虎
(复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院放射科,上海 200031)
目的:探讨原发于额窦恶性肿瘤的CT及MRI表现,以提高对本病的认识。方法:回顾性分析14例经活检或手术病理证实的额窦原发恶性肿瘤患者的临床和影像学资料,病理类型包括鳞癌5例,浆细胞瘤3例,恶性黑色素瘤2例,横纹肌肉瘤、骨肉瘤、小细胞癌、间叶来源恶性肿瘤各1例。6例行CT平扫,2例行平扫+增强CT扫描,4例行增强CT扫描,13例行MR扫描,5例加DWI序列。结果:11例肿块位于左侧额窦,2例位于右侧额窦,1例位于双侧额窦,侵犯眶壁14例,侵入眶内7例,侵犯筛窦10例、对侧额窦3例、前颅底10例、额部皮下7例。CT平扫时肿块均呈中等密度,增强扫描4例呈不均匀强化,2例均匀强化,破坏额窦下壁(眶内上壁)14例、后壁12例、前壁7例。MR T2WI上,10例呈等或稍高信号,其中4例伴有小片高信号、2例伴局部低信号、2例呈等高混杂信号、1例呈略低信号,增强后10例肿块呈不均匀强化,3例呈均匀强化,4例扩散受限,1例轻度扩散受限。结论:原发于额窦的恶性肿瘤常见的为鳞癌、浆细胞瘤和黑色素瘤,额窦下壁和后壁常呈侵蚀性吸收破坏,肿块易侵犯同侧眼眶、前组筛窦和前颅底,DWI扩散受限是其影像学上的重要征象,浆细胞瘤和恶性黑色素瘤信号有一定特征。
鼻窦肿瘤;体层摄影术,X线计算机;磁共振成像
原发于额窦的恶性肿瘤非常少见,国内外文献多为个案报道,有关其影像学表现的专门文献未见发表,本文收集整理1997—2016年共14例原发于额窦的恶性肿瘤,回顾性分析总结其临床和影像学表现,以提高对此类肿瘤的认识和诊断水平。
1.1 临床资料
14例额窦恶性肿瘤,其中男9例,女5例,年龄27~82岁,中位年龄54.5岁,病程15 d~6月。临床表现及体征包括眼球突出、眼胀痛、视力下降、头痛、鼻出血、额部及眶部隆起。病理类型:鳞癌5例(1例为内翻性乳头状瘤癌变),髓外浆细胞瘤3例,恶性黑色素瘤2例,小细胞癌、横纹肌肉瘤、骨肉瘤、其他间叶来源恶性肿瘤各1例。
1.2 检查方法
6例行CT平扫,2例行平扫+增强CT扫描,4例行增强CT扫描,有2例为外院CT资料,采用Siemens Somatom Sensation 10 CT扫描仪,扫描条件:120 kV,140 mA,扫描层厚1.5 mm,间距1.5 mm,重建层厚6.0 mm,间距6.0 mm,轴位扫描+冠位重建,增强扫描采用非离子型对比剂欧乃派克,开始注射对比剂后60~70 s扫描。MR扫描13例(1例为外院MRI资料),采用Siemens Magnetom Verio 3.0T超导型磁共振仪和GE Signa 1.5T超导型磁共振仪,头颈联合线圈或头部线圈,T1WI:TSE序列,TR 450ms,TE 9ms,或FSE序列,TR 360ms,TE 10.6ms;T2WI:TSE序列,TR 4 600 ms,TE 150 ms,或FRFSE序列,TR 3 200 ms,TE 89.6 ms,NEX 2次,距阵320× 240或256×160,FOV 220 mm×180 mm,层厚6 mm或7 mm,层间距0~0.8 mm;DWI(5例):采用读出方向分段采样EPI序列(RESOLVE序列),扩散敏感因子b值取0s/mm2、1000s/mm2,TR 4700ms,TE 66ms,层厚4 mm,间隔0.6 mm,NEX 2次;增强扫描,采用快速自旋回波序列 (TSE)或扰相位梯度回波(FSP GR)加化学饱和法脂肪抑制序列,TSE序列:TR 781ms,TE 13ms;FSPGR序列:TR 165ms,TE 2.4ms,经肘静脉注射对比剂钆喷替酸葡甲胺 (Gd-DTPA),0.1mmol/kg,流率1.5~2.0mL/s。
2.1 肿块部位和范围
11例位于左侧额窦内,2例位于右侧额窦,1例位于双侧额窦;侵犯眶壁14例,其中7例侵入眶内,致眼球前突或球壁受压;侵犯左前组筛窦10例;侵犯前颅底9例,其中6例额叶受压,2例出现脑膜强化;累及前额皮下7例;过中线侵犯对侧额窦3例。
2.2 肿块大小、形态和边界
肿块最小约2.2cm×2.0cm×1.0cm,最大约5.5cm× 3.5 cm×3.0 cm。1例呈较规则结节状,13例呈不规则或弥漫性团块,边界不清晰。
2.3 骨质情况
14例均有额窦骨壁吸收或破坏 (图1a,2a),其中破坏下壁(眶内上壁)14例、后(上)壁12例、前壁7例。1例呈压迫性骨质吸收,11例呈较不规则或大片侵蚀性破坏,2例仅有MR图像,表现为代表骨壁的低信号带中断并见软组织肿块信号。
2.4 肿块密度和信号
8例行CT平扫,1例呈等、低密度,7例呈中等密度,1例骨肉瘤内有散在斑片状高密度灶;6例增强扫描,2例鳞癌和1例横纹肌肉瘤呈不均匀强化(图1a),3例浆细胞瘤呈均匀强化。13例行MRI检查,在T1WI上10例呈中等信号,3例稍低信号;在T2WI上4例鳞癌以等信号为主、伴少许高信号,1例鳞癌呈等、高混杂信号(图1b),3例浆细胞瘤呈均匀等信号 (图3a,3b),2例黑色素瘤呈等或稍高信号,伴局部低信号 (图2d,2e),1例骨肉瘤呈略低信号,混杂少量高信号,1例横纹肌肉瘤呈稍高信号,1例间叶来源肿瘤呈等高混杂信号;DWI(5例):1例鳞癌、2例浆细胞瘤和1例黑色素瘤扩散明显受限(图3e),ADC值为0.45~0.8×10-3mm2/s,1例骨肉瘤轻度扩散受限,ADC值约为 1.10×10-3mm2/s;增强后T1WI,5例鳞癌不均匀强化,其中3例有明显液化坏死灶(图1d,1e),3例浆细胞瘤呈均匀强化(图3d),2例黑色素瘤主体呈明显强化(图2e),其T2WI低信号区在T1WI增强图像上呈低信号背景下的轻度强化(图2g),横纹肌肉瘤、骨肉瘤、间叶来源肿瘤均呈不均匀明显强化。
3.1 概述(临床/病因病理)
原发额窦恶性肿瘤非常罕见,1907年Prawssud第一次详细报道了1例原发于额窦的鳞癌[1],Gerlinger等[2]曾提到许多临床医生可能在其整个职业生涯中从未遇见过原发于额窦的恶性肿瘤,其约占鼻腔鼻窦癌的0.3%~0.9%[3-5],Frazell等[1]报道的416例鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤中仅有1例原发于额窦,据此可见原发于额窦的恶性肿瘤的罕见性。额窦恶性肿瘤的早期症状隐匿,患者自觉不明显,临床不易发觉,而临床医师又认识不足,等到发现时肿瘤常已明显扩展,患者就诊时常为晚期,病变范围广泛,不易明确判断原发部位是额窦还是筛窦。额窦肿瘤临床上出现鼻塞、流涕、嗅觉下降等征象相对少见,既往文献及本组病例均显示其临床症状多为眼球突出、眼部胀痛、睁眼困难、视力下降、复视及头痛,常首诊于眼科,易漏诊、误诊。其发病高峰年龄为50~60岁,文献报道男女比例约为5∶1[6],本组中男女比例接近2∶1。文献报道额窦恶性肿瘤中约60%~80%为鳞癌,其次是腺癌,约占5%[7-10]。王小婷等[11]报道的333例鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤中,额窦恶性肿瘤包括鳞癌6例、淋巴瘤3例、横纹肌肉瘤1例,本组病例以鳞癌、浆细胞瘤和黑色素瘤为相对好发的类型。
图1 右额窦鳞癌。图1a:横断面CT增强扫描示右侧额窦不规则软组织肿块,中等强化,伴液化坏死灶,窦壁侵蚀性吸收破坏(↑);图1b:横断面T2WI平扫示肿块呈等高混杂信号(↖);图1c:横断面T1WI平扫示肿块呈等信号(↑);图1d:横断面T1WI增强扫描示肿块不均匀强化,伴低信号液化坏死灶(↖);图1e:冠状面T1WI增强扫描示肿块侵犯眶壁同侧筛窦和鼻腔(↓)。 图2 左额窦恶性黑色素瘤。图2a:冠状面CT平扫示肿块呈等密度,伴骨壁吸收破坏(←);图2b:横断面T1WI平扫示额窦肿块呈等信号(↑);图2c:肿块侵犯鼻腔(←);图2d:冠状面T2WI平扫示肿块呈稍高信号(→);图2e:肿块的鼻腔部分T2WI呈低信号(←);图2f:冠状面T1WI增强扫描示肿块明显强化(→);图2g:横断面T1WI增强扫描示肿块鼻腔部分呈低信号背景下的不均匀轻度强化(←);图2h:动态增强曲线呈速升平台型。Figure 1.Squamous carcinoma of the right frontal sinus.Figure 1a:Axial contrast-enhanced CT scan shows an irregular mass of soft tissue in the right frontal sinus,moderately enhanced with necrosis and osseous erosion(↑).Figure 1b:Axial T2-weighted MR image shows mixed iso-intensity signal and high-intensity signal of the mass(↖).Figure 1c:Axial T1-weighted MR image shows isointensity signal(↑).Figure 1d:Axial T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR image shows heterogenous enhancement with low signal in the mass(↖).Figure 1e:Coronal T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR image shows mass extending into the orbit ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity(↓).Figure 2.Melanoma of left frontal sinus.Figure 2a:Coronal plain CT scan shows iso-intensity mass with osseous erosion(←).Figure 2b:Axial T1-weighted MR image shows iso-intensity signal(↑).Figure 2c:The mass invades to the nasal cavity.Figure 2d:Coronal T2-weighted MR image shows slightly hyper-intensity signal(→).Figure 2e:Axial T2-weighted MR image shows low signal in the nasal part of the mass(←).Figure 2f:Coronal T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR image shows marked enhancement (→).Figure 2g:Axial T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR image shows slight enhancement under the background of low signal in the nasal part of the mas.Figure 2h:Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR shows TIC of typeⅡ.
图3 左额窦浆细胞瘤。图 3a:横断面T2WI平扫示肿块呈均匀等信号(→);图3b:冠状面T2WI平扫描示肿块侵犯同侧筛窦和眼眶(→);图3c:横断面T1WI平扫示肿块呈等信号(→);图3d:横断面T1WI增强扫描示肿块均匀强化,无明显液化坏死(→);图3e:ADC图,肿块ADC值明显较低,提示扩散受限(↑)。Figure 3.Plasmocytoma of left frontal sinus.Figure 3a:Axial T2-weighted MR image shows iso-intensity signal(→).Figure 3b:Coronal T2-weighted MR image shows the mass extending into ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity(→).Figure 3c:Axial T1-weighted MR image shows iso-intensity signal(→).Figure 3d:Axial T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR image shows homogenous enhancement(→).Figure 3e:ADC map shows obviously low value,meaning diffusion limited(↑).
3.2 影像学表现
回顾以往文献,额窦恶性肿瘤的影像学表现未见详细描述,以往文献的个案报道均侧重于临床的描述[7-8,12],由于额窦恶性肿瘤的隐匿性,临床必须依靠影像学的帮助来明确诊断。额窦恶性肿瘤早期局限于窦腔内,窦壁可有一定程度的扩大,有时被误认为是良性占位,但仔细观察发现,无论肿块大小,均会出现骨壁的吸收破坏,以底壁和后壁多见且较早出现,早期可呈局部吸收,中晚期呈广泛侵蚀性破坏,本组中有1例早期表现为额窦内小结节,额窦后壁呈局部压迫性吸收,破坏边缘较光整,因认识的不足,误诊为囊肿,未引起重视,半年后随访复查,肿块明显增大,扩展至窦腔外,并导致额窦广泛的骨质破坏,病理证实为鳞癌。影响额窦恶性肿瘤预后的两个重要因素,一是侵犯眼眶,另一个是侵犯前颅窝。眼眶与额窦之间仅一层较薄的骨壁相隔,眼眶极易受累及。本组中14例均显示侵犯相邻眶壁,在CT上首先表现为眼眶顶内壁(额窦下壁)的吸收或破坏,此处骨壁最薄,且肿块受重力作用向下压迫此处,更易引起骨质破坏[2],单纯轴位图像不易准确判断此处的骨质改变,需结合冠状面重建图像帮助诊断,当肿块侵入眼眶后可以进一步推移眼球,致其向前下方突出,所以临床上额窦肿瘤患者常因眼部不适首诊于眼科。额窦与前颅窝仅有一层后上骨壁相隔,且额窦后上壁常较为薄弱,肿块易突破此处侵入前颅窝内,引起额叶受压,脑膜增厚,矢状位CT有助于更清楚地显示额窦后壁的吸收破坏,矢状位MRI对此处脑膜和额叶有无受累可以给出较准确的判断,这对治疗和预后的判断非常重要,偶尔,肿块侵入额叶可引起脑水肿[5,7,9]。
原发于额窦的鳞癌在CT上多表现为密度不均匀,增强后呈不均匀强化,骨质以溶骨性破坏为主,MR T2WI上呈等信号,常混杂高信号,增强后肿块呈不均匀明显强化,常伴低信号液化坏死灶[2,5]。髓外浆细胞瘤的CT密度和MR信号相对较为均匀,T2WI呈等或稍低信号,肿块边界较清晰,增强后呈较均匀强化[13],无液化坏死灶。鼻腔鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤在T2WI上有时会出现局部低信号区域,增强后在T1WI上此区域表现为低信号背景下的轻度强化,有一定特征。头颈部横纹肌肉瘤以胚胎型多见,肿瘤发展迅速,常引起不同程度的骨壁受压或溶骨性破坏,CT平扫呈等或稍低密度,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号,肿块内可出现片状短T1长T2信号的出血灶,增强扫描肿块呈不均匀强化[14]。额窦骨肉瘤CT表现为软组织团块内散在斑片状高密度肿瘤骨,窦壁呈溶骨性吸收破坏,当肿瘤骨较多时,MR信号相对偏低,当肿块内发生囊变坏死或出血后,T2WI可呈高低混杂信号[15]。DWI对鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤的定性有很大帮助,鳞癌、恶性黑色素瘤等上皮源性恶性肿瘤和浆细胞瘤的水分子扩散明显受限,实质部分的ADC值常低于0.8×10-3mm2/s,尤其是浆细胞瘤在ADC图上呈均匀的明显低值区;骨肉瘤的ADC值较以上几种恶性肿瘤要高一些,马婉玲等[16]报道的一组骨肉瘤的实质部分平均ADC值约为(1.34±0.12)×10-3mm2/s,本例骨肉瘤的ADC值约为1.10×10-3mm2/s。但不同肿瘤的ADC值有重叠,只能进行粗略的区分,一般在鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤中,除骨源性肿瘤外,当实质部分的ADC值低于1×10-3mm2/s时,要考虑恶性的可能,当然要结合其他影像学表现。
3.3 鉴别诊断
额窦黏液囊肿:为额窦较好发的占位性病变,呈膨胀性生长,窦壁呈压迫性吸收,T1WI、T2WI呈等或高信号,T1WI高信号是因为团块内黏稠的蛋白质成份[17],增强扫描除包膜外无强化。额窦炎症或息肉:CT平扫呈低、等密度,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强扫描增厚的黏膜呈线状强化,慢性炎症引起骨壁硬化增厚。原发于鼻腔或筛窦的恶性肿瘤侵犯额窦:其发生率远高于原发额窦恶性肿瘤,肿瘤主体位于鼻腔或筛窦,累及额窦时首先侵犯额隐窝或筛漏斗,额窦前、后壁受侵犯的发生相对较少和较晚。
总之,原发于额窦的恶性肿瘤罕见,以鳞癌、浆细胞瘤和黑色素瘤为主。额窦下壁和后壁侵蚀性吸收破坏,易侵犯同侧眼眶、前组筛窦和前颅底,扩散受限是其影像学上的重要征象,浆细胞瘤和恶性黑色素瘤的MR表现有一定特征,CT及MRI相结合有助于确定肿瘤性质和侵犯范围。
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Imaging findings of malignant tumors originated from frontal sinuses
PAN Yu-cheng,HUANG Wen-hu
(Department of Radiology,Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University,Shanghai 200031,China)
Objective:To explore the CT and MRI findings of the primary malignant tumors of the frontal sinus,in order to improve the clinic diagnosis of these diseases.Methods:The imaging data of 14 patients with pathologically proved malignant tumors were analyzed retrospectively,including 5 squamous carcinomas(one of which cancerated from inverted papilloma), 3 plasmocytomas,2 melanomas,1 rhabdomyosarcoma,1 small cell carcinoma,1 osteosarcoma and 1 mesenchymal sarcoma.Eight patients underwent plain CT,6 patients underwent enhanced CT scan,and 13 patients underwent MRI examinations.Results:Eleven lesions originated from the left frontal sinus,2 lesions from the right,while one from bilateral sinuses.The lesions invaded orbit walls in 14 cases,ethmoid sinuses in 10 cases,forehead in 7 cases,anterior cranial fossa in 10 cases and contralateral frontal sinus in 3 cases.One lesion was a regular nodule,while the other 13 lesions were irregular or diffused.On plain CT of 8 cases,tumors showed isointensity.After contrast enhancement,four masses were heterogeneously enhanced and two were homogenously enhanced.The tumors eroded the anterior walls of frontal sinus in 7 cases,the posterior walls in 12 cases and inferior walls in 14 cases.On T2WI of MRI,10 masses showed isointense or slightly hyperintense signal,2 masses showed mixed isointense and hyperintense signal,1 mass showed slightly hypointense signal.After contrast enhancement,10 lesions showed heterogeneous enhancement on T1WI images,three plasmocytomas showed homogenous enhancement.Four masses showed limited diffusion on DWI,and one showed slightly limited diffusion.Conclusion:The most common malignant tumors that originate from frontal sinuses are squamous carcinoma,plasmocytoma and melanoma.The posterior and inferior walls of the frontal sinuses are eroded in most cases.Most lesions invade to the outside of the sinuses,including orbits,ethmoid sinuses and anterior cranal fossae.The masses show limited diffusion on DWI.Plasmocytoma and melanoma have some characteristic MR signals.Combining CT and MRI images is helpful to confirm the characters and ranges of the lesions.
Paranasal sinus neoplasms;Tomography,X-ray computed;Magnetic resonance imaging
R739.62;R814.42;R445.2
A
1008-1062(2016)12-0855-04
2016-05-10;
2016-05-22
潘宇澄(1971-),男,江苏盐城人,副主任医师。E-mail:panyuchengg@sina.com
黄文虎,复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院放射科,200031。E-mail:wenhuhuang@126.com
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