Two smoking-related lesions in the same pulmonary lobe of squamous cell carcinom

Aysegul Gencer, Gizem Ozcibik, Fatma Gulsum Karakas, Ismail Sarbay, Sebnem Batur,Sermin Borekci， AkifTurna

Abstract

Key Words: Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis; Lung cancer; Squamous cell carcinoma; BRAF; Mitogen-activated protein kinase; Case report

lNTRODUCTlON

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is a rare cystic interstitial lung disease usually affecting young adults and is a type of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) disease group[1]. It is the type which remains isolated in the lung, and rarely shows a progressive course[2]. Although its incidence and prevalence are not exactly known, it constitutes 3%-5% of cases of diffuse lung diseases, and smoking is considered a predisposing factor[3,4].

PLCH is considered an inflammatory myeloid neoplasm based on the presence of somatic oncogenic mutations in pulmonary CD1a dendritic cells[5]. Three known factors play a role in its pathophysiology: (1)BRAFV600E and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 2K1 somatic mutations in MAPK pathway; (2) Smoking; and (3) Dysfunction of the myeloid dendritic cells[6,7].

In this report, a patient with a concurrent diagnosis of PLCH and squamous cell carcinoma was presented.

CASE PRESENTATlON

Chief complaints

A seventy-year-old male patient presented with a history of intermittent cough, white sputum, and shortness of breath triggered by exercise (modified Medical Research Council 3), and was admitted to the outpatient clinic.

History of present illness

Intermittent cough and white sputum for a period of 5 years, and shortness of for 3 years. He had taken sulbactam ampicillin 2 × 440/294 mg for 14 d and gemifloxacin for 7 d and had consulted a physician twice during the previous 2 mo because of recurrent complaints.

History of past illness

The patient had a medical history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus for 15 years and coronary artery disease for 4 years.

Personal and family history

He was a current smoker who smoked 60 packs of cigarettes/year. His father had a diagnosis of lung cancer.

Physical examination

Lung examination findings included a prolonged bilateral expiratory phase, while physical examinations of his other systems were found to be within normal limits. His body temperature was 36.9 °C, pulse rate 86 bpm at rest, blood pressure 130/85 mmHg, respiratory rate 18/min, and oxygen saturation 98% while the patient was breathing room air.

Laboratory examinations

Laboratory examination revealed that his hemoglobin level stood at 12 g/dL and his hematocrit level was 35.4%, indicating mild anemia. The pulmonary function test revealed that the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was 3060 mL (103%), forced vital capacity (FVC) was 4130 mL (107%), and the FEV1/FVC ratio was 74%. The patient’s shortness of breath triggered by exercise was interpreted as secondary to his chronic diseases. Gram staining of the sputum sample showed many epithelial cells and a small amount of leukocytes. The Genexpert tuberculosis-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test could not be performed due to technical reasons. Acid-fast staining of the sputum yielded negative results three separate times. There was no growth in the culture of bacteria including of tuberculosis, bacillus, or fungi.

Imaging examinations

There were signs of bilaterally increased aeration on plain chest radiography. Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax revealed densities of bilateral apical pleuroparenchymal fibrotic lesions, and paraseptal and centrilobular emphysema in the upper lobes of both lungs, an 11-mm nodule with cavitation in the superior segment of the right lung lower lobe, and a 7-mm nodule the lower lobe posterior basal segment of the lung (Figure 1). Positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT) revealed a 10-mm nodular lesion in the superior part of the right lung lower lobe with a maximum standard uptake value (SUV max) of 6.43, and minimal focal fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the 7-mm nodular lesion in the posterior basal part of the right lung lower lobe (Figure 2).

Histological examinations

The wedge resection of the right lower lobe superior and posterior basal segments were performed. Pathologic examination revealed a squamous cell carcinoma with dimensions of 1.5 cm × 1 cm × 0.7 cm (T1b), in the wedge resection material of the right lung lower lobe superior segment, and a Langerhans cell histiocytosis at 0.7 cm in diameter in the wedge resection material of the right lung lower lobe posterior basal segment (Figure 3). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed positive staining with S100 protein, CD1a, and Langerin, while real-time PCR identified aBRAFV600E mutation. Gene detection was not performed for squamous cell carcinoma.

FlNAL DlAGNOSlS

Squamous cell carcinoma and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis was diagnosed.

TREATMENT

A single-incision video thoracoscopic wedge resection of the right lower lobe superior was performed while posterior basal segments were performed under general anesthesia.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient was informed of his disease, the importance of quitting smoking was emphasized, he was given support to quit. He was called for follow-up in terms of clinical and respiratory functions 6 mo later.

DlSCUSSlON

A case was presented herein which was found to feature both squamous cell carcinoma and LCH in the right lower lobe, simultaneously. LCH is an idiopathic neoplasm of myeloid dendritic cells[8]. It comes in two clinical forms: the first type is seen in children and has a localized or systemic course and has been described in many terms over the years[7]. In 1953, Lichtenstein first described it as Histiocytosis X, and then according to the organs involved, it was named as the eosinophilic granuloma or Hand-Schüller-Christian disease or Letterer-Siwe disease[7].

Another clinical form of LCH is PLCH, seen in young adults with a history of smoking. It is an interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, characterized by focal infiltration of Langerhans cells and exhibiting unpredictable biologic behavior[9]. It constitutes 3%-5% of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases, but its exact prevalence is not known since most of the patients are asymptomatic[9]. Probably attributable to the fact that the disease remains localized in the lungs and rarely has a progressive course ensuring that it has the best prognosis in the LCH group[10].

Dysfunction of the myeloid dendritic cells is well defined in PLCH[8]. Somatic mutations in CD1a dendritic cells and MAPK pathway, especiallyBRAFand MAP2K1, have been identified as having a key role in the pathogenetic mechanism of this disease by activation of this pathway[5]. TheBRAFV600E mutation was first described in LCH cases in 2010[11]. Since theBRAFmutation is associated with a number of tumors, it is thought that PLCH may be a precursor of malignancy[12]. In the current case, the diagnosis of PLCH concurrently with the diagnosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma and the detection ofBRAFmutation supported this hypothesis.

Figure 1 Location of nodules on computed tomography images.

Figure 2 Fludeoxyglucose uptake in nodules in Positron emission tomography - computed tomography.

BRAFV600E mutation was detected in 2 of 5 patients diagnosed with PLCH with bilateral pulmonary nodules[2]. It has been emphasized thatBRAFV600E mutation acts as a driver mutation for neoplastic transformation in malignant melanoma, lung, thyroid, and colonic adenocarcinomas. As in other histiocytic dendritic disorders, targeted therapies can be used through progressive cases of PLCH featuringBRAFV600E mutation[2].

In the study of Rodenet al[6],BRAFV600E expression was analyzed in 79 patients, including those diagnosed with PLCH (n: 25) and extrapulmonary LCH (n: 54). In their study, theBRAFexpression was found to be significantly more prevalent in the participant smokers. TheBRAFV600E expression was found in 28% of the patients with PLCH and in 35% of patients with extrapulmonary LCH. In a similar analysis, theBRAFV600E mutation was demonstrated in 50% of 26 pulmonary LCH patients and 38% of 37 extrapulmonary LCH patients[13].

Based on the occurrence ofBRAFmutations in non-small cell lung cancers and the definition of targeted therapies, in the study conducted by Paiket al[14] on 697 patients with lung adenocarcinoma,BRAFV600E mutations were detected in 50%, G469A in 39%, and D594G mutations in 11% of the patients. It was emphasized that theBRAFmutation was found in 3% of the patients with lung adenocarcinoma and was generally detected in smokers. In the case herein, theBRAFV600E mutation was found in the patient, who also received a concurrent diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma and PLCH.

Figure 3 lmmunohistochemical analyses in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. A: Characteristic Langerhans cells in a nodule with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (hematoxylin-eosin, × 100); B: Histopathologic diagnosis of Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis from tissue blocks was supported by immunohistochemistry staining analyses for Langerin.

Aldenet al[15] describe a patient suffering from early-stage lung adenocarcinoma who developed bilateral pulmonary nodules in the case report. Histopathologic examination revealed Langerhans cell histiocytosis, positive for CD1a, Langerin, and S100 and genomic sequencing identified aBRAFV600E mutation. Although pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis is rarely diagnosed in the setting of lung cancer, reports in association with primary lung cancers do exist[16].

CONCLUSlON

The presence of somatic oncogenic mutations such asBRAFin patients diagnosed with PLCH suggests that PLCH may be a precursor to malignancy. Periodic follow-up, preferably with low-dose chest CT and encouragement of smoking cessation, is recommended in patients with PLCH.

FOOTNOTES

Author contributions:Gencer A and Karakas FG collected the patient data and performed his follow-up; Ozcibik G, Sarbay I and Turna A performed the operation; Batur S performed immunohistochemical analyses; Gencer A, Borekci S and Turna A wrote the paper; all authors have read and approved the manuscript.

lnformed consent statement:Informed written consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this report and any accompanying images.

Conflict-of-interest statement:The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

CARE Checklist (2016) statement:The authors have read the CARE Checklist (2016), and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CARE Checklist (2016).

Open-Access:This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BYNC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is noncommercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Country/Territory of origin:Turkey

ORClD number:Aysegul Gencer 0000-0002-8365-6210; Gizem Ozcibik 0000-0002-1448-2448; Fatma Gulsum Karakas 0000-0003-1887-7989; Ismail Sarbay 0000-0003-1557-6312; Sebnem Batur 0000-0001-6577-8970; Sermin Borekci 0000-0002-0089-1312; Akif Turna 0000-0003-3229-830X.

S-Editor:Wang LL

L-Editor:A

P-Editor:Wang LL