Prognostic and biological role of the N-Myc downstream-regulated gene family in

lNTRODUCTlON

Liver cancer is currently a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally,with almost 800000 deaths per year[1,2].The incidence of liver cancer has increased rapidly over recent years[3,4].Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)represents the major histological type of primary liver cancer(around 90%),placing a heavy burden on the healthcare system[3].Despite significant advances in HCC management,the prognosis remains inferior[5,6].High frequencies of postoperative recurrence and metastasis are considered responsible for most deaths.To date,the molecular characteristics of HCC remain poorly understood.Thus,it is extremely crucial to provide insights into the genetic events driving hepatocarcinogenesis and identify reliable biomarkers for HCC detection and treatment.

The N-Myc downstream-regulated gene(NDRG)family comprises NDRG1,NDRG2,NDRG3,and NDRG4,located on different chromosomes[7].The five amino acids at the C-terminus of NDRG1-4 are evolutionary conserved.Sequence differences between NDRG1-4 are in the N-and C-terminal regions(except for five amino acid residues in the C-terminal)[8].Increasing studies demonstrate that NDRG1-4 contribute to cell proliferation,differentiation,development,and immune response[9-11].Recent studies focused on NDRG1-4 biological function in cancer progression and metastasis[12-14].For instance,NDRG1 had been proved to act as a metastasis suppressor in multiple cancer types like glioma,prostate,and colorectal cancer[15-17];this makes treatment against NDRG1 a plausible anti-metastatic therapy.NDRG2 played a tumor suppressor role in glioblastoma[18],liver cancer[19],and colorectal cancer[20].NDRG3 expression was also elevated in colorectal cancer[21],laryngeal cancer[22],and lung cancer[23]and associated with worse overall survival.

Nevertheless,the prognostic role and potential biological functions of the NDRG family in HCC are far from fully demonstrated.The present study addressed these limitations by utilizing public databases and integrative bioinformatics analysis.The expression patterns and prognostic significance of the NDRG family in HCC were comprehensively analyzed.In addition,the relationship between the NDRG gene family expression and the immune infiltration level in HCC was also investigated.Finally,we explored the potential biological processes of the NDRG gene family involved in HCC by various gene enrichment analyses.This study aimed to analyze comprehensively expression patterns and biological functions of the NDRG family.

MATERlALS AND METHODS

Publicly available datasets and resources

The gene and protein expression data of the NDRG family(NDRG1-4)were collected from Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis(http:// gepia.cancer-pku.cn/index.html)[24],N-Myc database(www.oncomine.org),and Human Protein Atlas(www.proteinatlas.org)[25].The RNA-seq data and related clinical information(age,gender,mutation,and survival information)of liver hepatocellular carcinoma(LIHC)were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)(https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/)[26].DNA Methylation Interactive Visualization Database was used for methylation analysis of the NDRG family[27].The genomic alteration of the NDRG family was assessed using the cBioPortal[28].

It didn t take long for people to flock8 from all over the neighborhood to see Mrs. Katrinka s sculptures. One day, one of her neighbors walked right up her front steps and asked if she might buy one of the sculptures.

NDRG based prognostic signature generation

To build the NDRG family-based signature,the multiply Cox model was used to screen candidate prognostic genes that are significantly associated with OS.Finally,the risk score formula was calculated using the regression coefficients from the multiply Cox model.The risk score of each patient was calculated by the formula of the prognostic score,and patients were divided into high and low-risk groups.The optimal cutoff value was obtained by the R package(OptimalCutpoints)[29].Besides,the prognostic performances of the NDRG signature over 1-,2-,and 3-year were compared by the receiver operating characteristics(ROC)curve(R package,survival ROC)[30].

Mutation and DNA hypomethylation analysis

The DNA methylation of CG sites in the gene promoter regions of NDRG1-4 among HCC tissues was obtained from the DNA Methylation Interactive Visualization Database[27].The methylation level of NDRG1-4 between tumors and normal samples was compared by the Student’s-test.The Spearman’s rank correlation between methylation levels and messenger RNA(mRNA)expressions of NDRG1-4 was calculated.The genomic alteration of NDRG was download and analyzed using cBioPortal[28].The distribution and frequency of somatic mutation,amplification,and deletion data of NDRG1-4 were evaluated.

Tumor microenvironments analysis

Single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA)was used to determine the degree of immune cell infiltration in tumors[31,32].Immune cell subpopulation gene signatures were collected from lectures.Twenty-four immune cell of[B cells,T follicular helper(TFH),T helper(Th)1,Th2,Th17,Treg,Tγδ,T effector memory,T central memory,CD8+ T cells,mast cells,neutrophils,eosinophils,macrophages,plasmacytoid dendritic cells(DCs),inactivated DCs,activated DCs,CD56dim natural killer(NK)cells,and CD56bright NK cells]were identified from the previous lectures[33,34].The Spearman’s rank correlation between levels of immune subpopulations and NDRG expression was calculated.

Gene Ontology,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment,and GSEA

NDRG1 is the most investigated gene among the NDRG gene family;it is involved in tumor growth,metastasis,and angiogenesis[39-43].Cheng[40]reported that NDRG1 is up-regulated in HCC,and its expression is associated with a poor prognosis.Furthermore,high NDRG1 expression is correlated with metastasis and recurrence in HCC[41-43].In the current study,we demonstrated NDRG1 was upregulated in HCC,and high NDRG1 expression has a poor prognostic effect for overall survival,consistent with the previous study.Furthermore,high hypomethylation of the NDRG1 gene promoter leads to low NDRG1 mRNA expression in HCC tissue.The frequency of genetic alteration in NDRG1 was highest among the NDRG family,with amplifications being the most common alteration type.Amplification of the NDRG1 gene might be one reason for high NDRG1 expression.NDRG1 expression was positively associated with Th2 cells,NK CD56 bright cells,and TFH cells.Negative correlations

Statistical analysis

Wilcoxon signed-rank test was adopted to compare NDRG1-4 expression between tumor and adjacent nontumorous tissues.Sample paired t-test was used to compare the differential expression of NDRG1-4 among paired samples.The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate and identify independent prognostic predictors for overall survival(OS).Avalue ＜ 0.05 was considered statistically significant,and all P values were two-tailed.All statistical analyses were performed by R software(version 3.6.0).

RESULTS

Aberrant expression of NDRG family genes in pan-cancer and TCGA cohort

The mRNA expression patterns of NDRG1-4 were retrieved from Oncomine and TCGA databases,as shown in Figure 1A.NDRG1 was significantly up-regulated in 21 datasets(including lymphoma,liver cancer,and lung cancer)and down-regulated in 13 datasets(including sarcoma,colorectal cancer,and brain and CNS cancer).NDRG2 was significantly and consistently down-regulated in 60 datasets(including breast cancer,colorectal cancer,and sarcoma).NDRG3 was up-regulated in two datasets(breast cancer and lymphoma)and down-regulated in two datasets(brain cancer,CNS cancer,and breast cancer).The expression of NDRG4 was significantly increased in two datasets(lymphoma and leukemia)and decreased in 27 datasets(including brain and CNS cancer,lung cancer,and colorectal cancer).These data indicated apparent heterogeneity among NDRG1-4 expression patterns in different types of cancer.To validate further NDRG1-4 expression patterns in multiple cancer types,NDRG1-4 dysregulation in the TCGA pan-cancer cohort was analyzed.As shown in Supplementary Figure 1,in most cancer types,NDRG1 and NDRG3 were up-regulated,while NDRG2 and NDRG4 were downregulated.

Next,we focus on NDRG1-4 dysregulation in HCC.The mRNA levels of NDRG1 and NDRG3 were significantly increased in tumor samples(Figure 1B).At the same time,NDRG2 expression was significantly decreased in HCC.No significant difference in NDRG4 expression was observed between tumor and normal samples.These patterns between tumor samples and their paired normal samples were also validated(Figure 1C).Noteworthy,immunohistochemistry shows that NDRG1 and NDRG3 protein levels were elevated,while NDRG2 protein was significantly reduced in the HCC(Figure 1D).Together,these data provided strong evidence that NDRG1 and NDRG3 may have an oncogenic role in HCC and NDRG2 may have an oncosuppressive role.

Clinical and prognostic values of NDRG family genes among patients with HCC

Previous studies have demonstrated that NDRG1-4 genes are differentially expressed in various organs and involved in essential processes,such as cell proliferation,apoptosis,and differentiation[38].To our knowledge,expression patterns,prognostic significance,and biological roles of NDRG1-4 in HCC have not been comprehensively characterized.

Furthermore,the prognostic role of the NDRG genes family in the LIHC cohort was evaluated.Consistent with expression patterns,higher expression of NDRG1 and NDRG3 was associated with worse survival outcomes(＜ 0.05)(Figure 2A and C).Higher NDRG2 expression was associated with better survival outcomes(p＜0.005)(Figure 2B).No significant relationship was found between NDRG4 and survival outcome(Figure 2D).In the univariate Cox’s regression analysis of OS,NDRG1 and NDRG3 were significantly associated with worse OS[hazard ratio(HR)= 1.30,95% confidence interval(CI):1.14-1.48,＜ 0.01;HR = 1.43,95%CI:1.18-1.74,＜ 0.01,Figure 2E],while NDRG2 showed a significant association with better OS(HR = 0.78,95%CI:0.65-0.93,＜ 0.01,Figure 2E).NDRG4 had no significant correlation with OS(HR = 1.03,95%CI:0.87-1.22,= 0.72,Figure 2E).

Generation of NDRG family-based signature in HCC

The multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to construct prognostic signatures to assess the prognosis risk of HCC patients based on their NDRG gene expression.Three prognostic genes of the NDRG family(NDRG1,NDRG2,and NDRG3)were included in the prognostic score.The following equation constructed a signature risk score,risk score = 0.33 × NDRG1-0.16 ×NDRG2+ 0.34 × NDRG3.Patients' risk scores in the TCGA cohort were calculated,and patients were assigned into high-risk and low-risk groups based on their scores.Patients with high risk had shorter survival and higher NDRG1 and NDRG3 expression(Figure 3A).Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with a higher score were associated with worse OS(Figure 3B).NDRG1 and NDRG3 were up-regulated in the high-risk group,while NDRG2 was down-regulated in the low-risk group(Figure 3C).The ROC analysis further indicated that the NDRG-based signature could statistically stratify patients' prognoses(Figure 3D).The area under the curve of 1-year survival in the total cohort was 0.741,indicating the good prognostic performance of the NDRG family-based signature.

DNA methylation and mutation profile of NDRG family

DNA methylation mediates transcriptional silencing of genes,and hypomethylation leads to overexpression(REF).To determine the methylation status of the NDRG genes,the methylation level of NDRG1-4 genes in HCC tissues was further explored.The promoter of NDRG1 was hypomethylated in HCC tissues compared to healthy tissues(Figure 4A).NDRG1 hypomethylation was significantly linked to the increased NDRG1 expression(Figure 4B).While higher NDRG2 methylation level was observed in tumors,and NDRG2 hypermethylation resulted in decreased levels of NDRG2 protein(Figure 4C and D).There was no significant difference between NDRG3 and NDRG4 methylation levels.Moreover,NDRG somatic mutations were also investigated by the cBioPortal website in the LIHC-TCGA cohort.As shown in Figure 4E,the percentage of genetic alterations of the NDRG family varied from 0.3% to 11%(missense mutation,deletion,and amplification)in the OncoPrints.The percentages of genetic mutation in NDRG1,NDRG2,and NDRG3 were 11%,1.4%,0.8%,and 0.3%,respectively.The distribution indicated that amplification accounts for most mutations of NDRG1 and NDRG3(Figure 4F).

Correlation between tumor-infiltrating immune cells and expression of NDRG members

Given that the increasing evidence showed the associations among infiltrating immune cells and cancer prognosis levels,the correlation between tumor-infiltrating immune cells and NDRG members was further explored.Generally,several types of immune cells significantly correlated to NDRG family members(Figure 5A,D and G).DCs showed the strongest negative correlation with NDRG1 expression(=-0.45,＜ 0.001;Figure 5B).Th2 cells were positively associated with NDRG1 expression(= 0.35,＜ 0.001;Figure 5C).Eosinophils cells were positively associated with NDRG2 expression(= 0.4,＜0.001;Figure 5E)and TFH cells were negatively associated with NDRG2 expression(=-0.32,＜ 0.001;Figure 5F).DC cells and neutrophils were negatively associated with NDRG3 expression(=-0.41,＜0.001;Figure 5H,=-0.39,＜ 0.001;Figure 5I).

GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the NDRG family

The first 500 closely co-expressed NDRG1-3 genes were annotated by GO and cluster Profiler's KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.Organic acid catabolic process(GO:0046395),carboxylic acid catabolic process(GO:0046395),and small molecule catabolic process(GO:0044282)were the top three significantly enriched biological processes(BP)for NDRG1(Figure 6A).Complement and coagulation cascades,tyrosine metabolism,and fatty acid degradation were the top three significant KEGG pathways for NDRG1(Figure 6B).Co-translational protein targeting to the membrane(GO:0006613),nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process(GO:0000956),and protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum(GO:0045047)were the top three significantly enriched BP for NDRG2(Figure 6C).The ribosome,coronavirus disease 2019,and salmonella infection were the top three significant KEGG pathways for NDRG2(Figure 6D).Fatty acid catabolic process(GO:0009062),carboxylic acid catabolic process(GO:0046395),and small molecule catabolic process(GO:0044282)were the top three significantly enriched BP for NDRG3(Figure 6E).Complement and coagulation cascades,retinol metabolism,and glycine,serine,and threonine metabolism were the top three significant KEGG pathways for NDRG3(Figure 6F).

Gene set enrichment analysis of NDRG family

After GO and KEGG enrichment analysis,the potential biological roles of the NDRG family were further explored by the GSEA.Among 50 hallmark gene sets,metabolic(bile acid metabolism,fatty acid metabolism,and xenobiotic metabolism)and proliferation(G2-M checkpoint and E2 transcription factor targets)gene sets were enriched when the NDRG1 and NDRG3 expression are high and NDRG2 expression is low(Figure 7A and B).Immune-related sets(interferon response and coagulation)were enriched in low NDRG1 and NDRG3 expression,while gene sets(inflammation and allograft rejection)were enriched in low NDRG2 expression(Figure 7C).Signaling sets(estrogen response and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog signaling down)were enriched in high NDRG1 and NDRG3 expression,and signaling sets(androgen response)were enriched in high NDRG2 expression(Figure 7D).

Down he came straightway and alighted at her feet, and one look at her charming blue eyes and smiling lips quite decided17 him that he must appear to her at once, though he was rather annoyed to remember that he had on only his second-best cloak

DlSCUSSlON

To assess the relevance of NDRG family genes in a clinical context,the NDRG gene family expression concerning different clinicopathological features was explored(Supplementary Figure 2).Higher expression of NDRG1 was associated with advanced-stage(III/IV),higher T stage(T3/T4),higher grade(G3/G4),and micro/macrovascular invasion.Lower expression of NDRG2 was associated with younger age(≤ 65),earlier stage(I/II),and lower grade(G1/G2).Higher expression of NDRG3 was associated with younger age(≤ 65),gender(female),advanced stage(III/IV),higher T stage(T3/T4),higher grade(G3/G4),and micro/macrovascular invasion.Higher NDRG4 expression was associated with gender(female)and no-hepatitis B virus infection.

To explore the underlying biological function of NDRG1-3,two different bioinformatics ways were used.The correlation coefficient between NDRG1-3 and other genes was calculated,and the top 500 closely related genes were chosen for Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis[35,36].Annotation and visualization of results were performed by Clusterprolfe[37].Besides,high expression(top 30%)and low expression(bottom 30%)groups of HCC patients were divided according to NDRG1-4 expression.The GSEA was performed between highand low-NDRG groups.

between NDRG1 and DC,Th17,and plasmacytoid DC were also noticed.It is suggested that NDRG1 could alter the degree of tumor immune cell infiltration and was involved in the tumor microenvironment.Gene enrichment analysis of NDRG1 showed that NDRG1 has a wide range of effects on metabolism,proliferation,and immunity.The current study's findings could provide the impetus for future research to explore NDRG1 function on immunology and metabolism.

When they came to the troll s dwelling18 it was no longer in the bank, but on the top of this there stood a large castle which the youth had never seen before

Like NDRG1,NDRG3 was elevated in HCC and associated with an unfavorable prognosis.According to Shi[44],high NDRG3 expression could facilitate HCC metastasisactivation of WNT/β-catenin signaling.High NDRG3 expression was associated with low infiltrating levels of DC cells and neutrophils.Enrichment analysis indicated that NDRG3 is involved in metabolism,proliferation,estrogen response,and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog signaling.Unlike NDRG1 and NDRG3,NDRG2 was significantly down-regulated in HCC,and elevated NDRG2 expression was associated with a favorable prognosis.Previous studies supported that high expression of NDRG2 was negatively correlated with the malignant phenotype of HCC[19,45].Guo[46]reported that NDRG2 could inhibit lactate dehydrogenase A expression,thus inhibiting the Warburg effect and HCC malignant progression.Promoter hypermethylation contributed to reducing NDRG2 mRNA,consistent with a previous study showing that NDRG2 carried extensively methylated CpG sites[47].NDRG2 expression was positively correlated with the abundance of eosinophils and negatively correlated with TFH abundance.Further studies are required to verify our findings.Gene enrichment analysis indicated that NDRG2 had the opposite role in HCC development.Although NDRG4 was reported to be a potential tumor suppressor and prognostic marker of colorectal and gastric cancers,NDRG4 role in HCC remains unknown[48].NDRG4 expression showed no significant difference between tumor and non-tumor tissues in the current study.Besides,NDRG4 was not associated with HCC prognosis.We speculate that NDRG4 might not be involved in HCC development.

Furthermore,multivariate Cox regression analysis established a prognostic risk score model with three NDRG genes.There was a significant difference in patient survival between the low-risk and highrisk groups.This NDRG-based signature exhibited high prognostic accuracy in the TCGA cohort,as demonstrated by ROC curves.Consistently,our model could predict the 1-,2-,and 3-year survival probabilities for HCC patients.Taken together,our findings revealed the potential value of NDRG genes in predicting prognosis.

We acknowledge several limitations in the current study.Our NDRG family-based signature might be subject to sampling bias,and further studies with larger samples are required to validate our signature’s performance.Besides,biological experiments are warranted to validate their functions in liver cancer.

CONCLUSlON

In summary,NDRG1 and NDRG3 were significantly highly expressed in HCC,while NDRG2 was significantly down-regulated in HCC.High expression of NDRG1 and NDRG3 and low NDRG2 expression were significantly associated with worse OS.Additionally,an NDRG-based prognostic score was built as a prognostic biomarker for OS of HCC patients.Compared with NDRG1 and NDRG3,NDRG2 had a distinct biological role in metabolism,which provided insights for further investigation of the NDRG family as potential targets in HCC.

ARTlCLE HlGHLlGHTS

Research background

The expression of NDRG1 and NDRG3 in HCC was significantly higher than that in non-cancerous tissues,while the expression of NDRG2 was down regulated in HCC.The high expression of NDRG1 and NDRG3 and the low expression of NDRG2 were associated with the poor prognosis of HCC.The mutation rate of NDRG1 gene was the highest.The expression of NDRG1-3 is related to various types of filtered immune cells.Gene Ontology analysis showed that organic acid catabolism is the most important biological process related to NDRG family.Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed that the gene sets related to metabolism,proliferation,and immunity were enriched in the high expression of NDRG1 and NDRF3 and the low expression of NDRG2.

He was just putting me into the menagerie when I happened to catch sight of a dog, and was seized with such terror that I fled away at my utmost speed, and escaped through the outer court of the castle

Research motivation

The study revealed prognostic and potential biological role of the NDRG1,NDRG2,and NDRG3 in HCC.A prognostic risk score model with three NDRG family genes was established through multivariate Cox regression analysis and exhibited high prognostic accuracy.

10. Husband: The father/husband s role in the tale is an interesting one. While the father is usually the birth father of the children, he has different levels of responsibility for the abandonment across versions of the tale. In some versions he willingly leaves the children in the forest. In other versions, he ineffectively protests their abandonment. The textual hint that the wife s wishes will win over the children s safety comes from the word choice of husband over father to describe the man s primary role.Return to place in story.

Research objectives

To analyze comprehensively the prognostic and biological role of the NDRG family in HCC.

Research methods

To provide preliminary suggestions for the clinical study of HCC and insights for the further study of the NDRG family as a potential target of HCC.

Research results

The N-Myc downstream regulatory gene(NDRG)family consists of four members(NDRG1-4),which participate in various important biological processes.However,the prognosis of NDRG family in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has not been systematically evaluated yet.

Research conclusions

The high expression of NDRG1 and NDRG3 and the low expression of NDRG2 were significantly correlated with poor overall survival in HCC.In addition,we also established a prognostic score based on NDRG as a prognostic biomarker of overall survival in patients with HCC.Compared with NDRG1 and NDRG3,NDRG2 has a unique biological role in metabolism,which provides insights for the further study of NDRG family as a potential target of HCC.

When her hunger was satisfied, the old witch, growing drowsy29, lay down on the stove and said: Listen to me well, and do what I bid thee. Tomorrow when I drive away, do thou clean the yard, sweep the floors and cook my supper. Then take a quarter of a measure of wheat from my store house and pick out of it all the black grains and the wild peas. Mind thou dost all that I have bade; if not, thou shalt be eaten for my supper.

Research perspectives

The expression of the NDRG family was downloaded from a public database.The related clinical information of HCC was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas.The methylation analysis,genomic changes,and prognostic value of NDRG family were evaluated by online tools.Single sample gene set enrichment analysis was used to determine the degree of immune cell infiltration in tumors.

FOOTNOTES

He XK and Yan SX contributed equally as corresponding authors;Yin X,Yu H,and Yan SX performed the data analysis;Yin X,Yu H,and He XK drafted the manuscript;Yin X,He XK,and Yan SX participated in study design,and data collection and analysis;He XK and Yan SX revised the manuscript;All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

When my three granddaughters were born four months apart and the twins moved into our house at eight months, my close friend offered me her secret to entertaining grandchildren with few mishaps2（）. Teach them the one finger rule . All of her five grandchildren learned it at a young age. The success of the method surprised me.

The current study does not require approval from an ethics committee.

When the birds began to sing he could lie still no longer, and climbed out of his window into the branches of one of the great lime-trees that stood before the door

The data that support the findings of this study are publicly available.The current study does not require signed informed consent documents.

On the banks she saw green hills covered with beautiful vines;13 palaces and castles peeped out from amid the proud trees of the forest; she heard the birds singing, and the rays of the sun were so powerful that she was obliged often to dive down under the water to cool her burning face

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

About an hour after some one arrived on business, and the girl untied15 the dog and said, Go to the inn and call my father! The dog bounded off, but ran straight to the shoemaker

All data and material are public.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers.It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial(CC BYNC 4.0)license,which permits others to distribute,remix,adapt,build upon this work non-commercially,and license their derivative works on different terms,provided the original work is properly cited and the use is noncommercial.See:https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

China

As for Tsarevitch Ivan, dead and cut into pieces, he lay on the green plain for thirty days. And on the thirty- first day it chanced that the Gray Wolf passed that way. He knew at once by his keen scent45 that the body was that of Tsarevitch Ivan. While he sat grieving for his friend, there came flying an iron-beaked she-crow with two fledglings, who alighted on the ground and would have eaten of the flesh, but the Wolf leaped up and seized one of the young birds.

Xin Yin 0000-0002-4177-3048;Hao Yu 0000-0003-0608-7779;Xing-Kang He 0000-0002-1586-2266;Sen-Xiang Yan 0000-0001-6902-0892.

On a Sunday when I went to church alone, Betty handed me a small piece of paper and asked me to read it when I had time. On the slip of paper she had written, “Here are some phrases to think about over an egg enjoyed from an egg cup.”

Gong ZM

Filipodia

Yu HG