Occurrence of human leukocyte antigen B51-related ankylosing spondylitis in a fa

INTRODUCTION

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, immune-mediated arthritis that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints. Inflammation of the sacroiliac joints is a hallmark feature of the disease, and grade ≥ 2 radiological sacroiliitis on both sides or unilateral grade ≥ 3 radiological sacroiliitis are the criteria (per the modified New York criteria)for the diagnosis of AS[1] and comprise some of the criteria required for a diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy (SpA)[2]. A strong association between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27 allele and AS was discovered in the early 1970s[3]. AS is also known to run strongly within families, and HLA B27 positivity was observed to be higher in familial AS patients than in their sporadic AS counterparts[4]. According to Jung[5], the proportion of HLA B27 positivity among Korean AS patients was 80%, and in a Korean population study, the HLA B27 positivity rate in Korean AS patients was 83.3% compared to a rate of 4.0% in healthy controls[6].

The HLA B51 antigen is a well-known genetic factor associated with Behçet’s disease (BD)[7]. In countries such as Korea and Japan where conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HLA genotyping is available for antigens such as HLA B27 or HLA B51, it is common to perform the HLA B27 test for the evaluation of AS and HLA B51 testing for BD. Interestingly, two cases of Reiter’s syndrome associated with HLA B51 have been reported[8,9] and the possibility of HLA B51-related arthropathy in individuals with HLA B27-negative reactive arthritis or seronegative SpA has also been proposed[10,11]. To date, there have been no reports of familial AS occurrence related to HLA B51. Here, we report the first cases of HLA B51-related AS in a family and the impact of HLA B51 positivity on sacroiliitis.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

Case 1: In 2018, an 82-year-old man visited our clinic with the chief complaint of inflammatory low back pain.

Case 2: In 2020, the eldest daughter of the patient described in case 1 visited the clinic.She was 56 years old and complained of back pain, which had started 3 years previously and worsened as she woke up in the morning.

History of present illness

Case 1: He had previously been diagnosed with AS at another hospital. He did not complain of any additional pain in the Achilles tendon or the peripheral joints. He did not have abdominal pain or diarrhea suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease. He also did not have any symptoms of BD, such as oral or genital ulcers.

昨天下午，我正在教室里给学生上作文课，忽然就感觉讲台上光线一暗，李老黑堵在了教室门口。他像半截黑塔一样，把秋天明媚的阳光一下子拦截在了门外。李老黑先是表情威严地扫视了一遍学生，接着扫视了一眼黑板。几十双眼睛齐刷刷地望着李老黑，好一阵教室里只剩下了喘气的声音。李老黑巡视完以后，用食指对着我勾了勾，我就碎着小步跟在他的大屁股后面走了出去。

3）教学系统中的相关产品和实验设备是由专业软件根据产品和设备的相关参数通过计算机三维建模形成的，这种虚拟产品或设备可以在很大程度上提高学生在工程技术实践环节的认知程度，减少实际实验设备的通入与管理空间，节约资金，改善了实验条件。

History of past illness

Case 1: There is no personal and family history.

Case 2: She had no previous medical history.

Personal and family history

Case 1: He was suffering from interstitial lung disease.

Case 2: The patient was the first of five daughters of the patient in case 1.

Physical examination

Case 1: The patient’s blood pressure was 126/27 mmHg, pulse rate was 79 beats/min,and respiratory rate was 24 breaths/min at the time of presentation. The body temperature was within the normal range. No abnormal skin lesions were observed on the body. The Schober’s test showed a positive test result of 1 cm, and the distance between the occiput and wall was 10 cm. Chest wall expansion test could not be performed because of dyspnea related to interstitial lung disease. Ophthalmologic examination revealed no evidence of iridocyclitis.

Case 2: Her blood pressure was 98/52 mmHg, pulse rate was 70 beats/minute, and respiratory rate was 20 breaths/min at the time of presentation. Her body temperature was within the normal range. No abnormal skin lesions were found, and no heart murmur was heard. Schober’s test showed a positive result of 2.5 cm. The distance between the occiput and wall and the chest wall expansion test were within normal limits.

Laboratory examinations

Case 1: Laboratory tests showed a white blood cell count of 10190/μL, C-reactive protein (CRP) of 14.3 mg/L (0-5), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 52 mm/h (1-15) and positive antinuclear antibodies with a titer of 1:640. The tests for extractable nuclear antigen antibodies were negative. Rheumatoid factors were not observed. The patient tested negative for HLA B27 and positive for HLA B51, using conventional PCR. With help from the laboratory department, simple HLA genotyping was performed, which further confirmed the presence of HLA B51.

Case 2: Laboratory tests showed a white blood cell count of 5950/μL, CRP of 0.4 mg/L(0-5), and ESR of 14 mm/h (1-15). Neither rheumatoid factor nor anti-nuclear antibodies were present. She tested negative for HLA B27 and was positive for HLA B51, using conventional PCR.

Imaging examinations

Case 1: Radiographic imaging of the sacroiliac joints revealed complete ankyloses, and his spine exhibited a “bamboo” appearance (Figures 1A and 1B). Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a sclerotic mitral and aortic valve.

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Case 2: Radiographic imaging of the sacroiliac joints revealed multiple definite erosions with sclerotic changes compatible with grade III bilateral sacroiliitis(Figure 1C). Magnetic resonance imaging of her spine revealed fat deposition at the corners of the vertebral bodies, suggesting changes caused by AS (Figure 1D).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Case 1

The final diagnosis in this case was AS. Laboratory findings of leukocytosis and high levels of inflammatory markers were thought to be caused by interstitial lung disease,as the patient did not complain much about back pain and no other symptoms of AS were reported.

Case 2

The final diagnosis of the presented case was AS.

TREATMENT

Case 1

Three daughters, including the patient in case 2 and the youngest daughter, tested positive for HLA B51, and two other daughters were negative for HLA B51. None of the patients tested positive for HLA B27.

Case 2: She did not complain of any other pain in the Achilles tendon or peripheral joints. She did not have abdominal pain or diarrhea suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease. She did not have any symptoms of BD, such as oral or genital ulcers. She did not have any symptoms related to the eyes.

Case 2

The patient was prescribed NSAIDs.

中国典籍不仅是我国传文学的主要组成部分，更是中国传统文化精髓的主要构成因素。因此，在对《孟子》一书的翻译中，必须要注重其英译本中的创造性叛逆因素，充分利用异化译法，在翻译中着重表达出语言及文化背景方面的差异。因此，由于译者处于不同的语言环境中，有意或无意的会造成词汇信息的遗漏或增减或是过度修饰，导致译本失真，而这也是出现越来越多风格迥异的翻译流派的主要原因。而节译与误译同属于创造性叛逆，这里所说的误译并非胡乱翻译所造成的错误，而是指有意地误译；节译时在考虑了原作语言的复杂性与难译程度，以及不同语言习惯、不同的宗教目的等因素，而被迫选择的一种翻译技巧。

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Case 1

The patient reported that his back pain was under control at the 2 mo follow up. In addition, he complained of dyspnea, and 2 years after the diagnosis of AS in our hospital, the patient passed away due to worsening of interstitial lung disease.

Case 2

She reported that her back pain was under control at 2 mo follow up.

Family of cases 1 and 2

The father (case 1) had five daughters, including the first daughter (case 2) who was previously diagnosed with AS. The family was concerned about the possibility of familial inheritance of AS, and all five daughters agreed to undergo full HLA-B genotyping and computed tomography (CT) of the sacroiliac joint(s) to assess the possibility of AS. HLA-B genotyping was performed using a commercially available polymerase chain reaction sequencing-based kit (AlleleSEQR HLA-B Sequencing Kit,Genome Diagnostics B. V., Utrecht, The Netherlands) for experimental purposes. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Inha University Hospital(Incheon, Korea; IRB 2020-03-003), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

但是与往年同期相比，复合肥原材料价格均有10%-20%的增长。对此，刘真表示，这主要是因为受到环保压力及行业去产能等因素的影响，制约了上游企业的开工率及产量，从而抬升了相关产品的价格。

Symptoms

None of the daughters reported signs or symptoms of oral ulcers or genital ulcers, and only the youngest daughter complained of inflammatory back pain. No abnormal skin lesions were observed.

Laboratory examinations

The patient was prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Imaging examinations

A radiologist who was blinded to patient information interpreted the images. Three daughters had the HLA B51:01 allele, among whom only the eldest daughter (case 2)was diagnosed with AS. However, the other two daughters, including the youngest daughter, were found to exhibit grade 1 sacroiliitis, upon performing pelvic bone CT[(Figures 2A and 2B for 4daughter) and (Figures 2C and 2D for the youngest daughter)]. Two daughters without the HLA B51:01 allele did not exhibit sacroiliitis.The family pedigree is shown in Figure 3.

DISCUSSION

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the occurrence of HLA B51-related AS in a family. Three of the five daughters had the HLA B51:01 allele and developed either AS or clinical sacroiliitis; however, the daughters without the HLA B51:01 allele did not exhibit any clinical signs or symptoms of SpA. Low-grade sacroiliitis is indicative of early AS in patients with undifferentiated SpA[12]. Thus, the high prevalence of HLA B51:01 in the daughters with sacroiliitis suggests a strong association of HLA B51 with AS/SpA in the family. It was also interesting to observe that no one in the family manifested clinical symptoms of BD, although the association between HLA B51 and BD is known to be strong.

The clinical significance of HLA B51 related familial AS familial is that this family is from Korea, where HLA B51 is highly prevalent. A previous case control study performed in Korea showed that the preva-lence of HLA B51 positivity in patients with BD was reported to be 55.7%, compared to 15.7% in healthy controls[13]. The prevalence of HLA B51 in BD has been reported to be higher in countries adjacent to the ancient Silk Road, which include Turkey, Iraq, China, Japan, and Korea. In accordance with Korean data, the positivity of HLA B51 in Han Chinese was 55.83% in BD patients and 12% in controls[14], and in Japan it was 59.4% in BD patients and 13.6% in controls[15]. The HLA B51 in the family seemed to be inherited from the father (case 1), and three out of five daughters were positive for HLA B51. The wife of the patient in case 1 passed away years before this study, and HLA genotyping could not be performed. We assumed that she would be positive for HLA B40 and HLA B58 because of occurrence of homogenous HLA B40 and HLA B58 among daughters. All HLA B51 positive daughters had sacroiliitis. Thus, in regions where HLA B51 is prevalent, it could play a role in the development of HLA B27-negative reactive arthritis or seronegative SpA[9,10].

Second, unlike in previous studies, sacroiliitis was observed in most of the daughters (three of five) in this family. There are conflicting reports regarding the prevalence of sacroiliitis in patients with BD. Chang[7] reported that sacroiliitis was diagnosed in 58.9% of SpA patients, 10.3% of those with BD , and 3.6% of healthy controls. Olivieri[16] conducted a similar study using CT scans and reported sacroiliitis in 30% of BD patients and 5% of controls. The difference in the prevalence of sacroiliitis between patients with BD and controls was clinically significant in both the aforementioned studies[7,16]. However, another study showed contrasting results with the prevalence of sacroiliitis seen in 7.4% of individuals with BD and 8% of the control group[17]. Kotevoglu[18] conducted a study using CT and found sacroiliitis in 5% of patients with BD and in 7% of healthy controls. In this family,sacroiliitis was found in 60% of all daughters who exhibited no clinical features of BD.Thus, the high prevalence of sacroiliitis in this family should be interpreted in the context of SpA and not a clinical feature of BD.

Lastly, all family members with sacroiliitis, tested positive for HLA B51 and negative for HLA B27. There are studies about HLA B51 and HLA B27 in SpA, and HLA B27 remains the major factor in AS. In two studies, Chang[7] reported that the majority of SpA patients (67.9%) were HLA B27 positive, whereas the prevalence of HLA B51 positivity was only 21.4% in those with SpA. Similarly, a study by Jung[5] reported that 106 of 153 patients with AS were HLA B27 positive/HLA B51 negative, whereas eight were HLA B51 positive/HLA B2-negative, and 16 patients were both HLA B27 and HLA B51 positive. In clinical practice, HLA typing is usually carried out for determining the presence of HLA B27 for the evaluation of AS, and HLA B51 for the evaluation of BD. If a patient suspected of having SpA, is negative for HLA B27, additional testing of HLA B51 could help facilitate the diagnosis of SpA even if the patient does not have the clinical features of BD.

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图4显示的是工况三时满载地铁车厢截面半个周期的风速分布云图，该云图与图3无太大区别，最大风速位置出现在幅流风机出风口，约为2.8 m/s，截面平均风速为0.51 m/s，符合人体舒适性要求。

A genome-wide association study of AS, which used “immunochip” technology,reported that the presence of the HLA B51:01 allele was associated with an increased risk of AS[3]. In addition, AS is strongly associated with the presence of specific amino acids at position 97 in HLA-B, and position 97 is associated with the cell surface expression of HLA B51[19]. Therefore, in accordance with the present case report,HLA B51 could also potentially contribute to the development of AS.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report of familial inheritance of HLA B27-negative AS and HLA B51 positivity associated with either mild or definite radiological sacroiliitis. No patient in the family exhibited any signs or symptoms of BD. Therefore, it is advisable to check for HLA B51 positivity in patients with HLA B27-negative AS or SpA, even in the absence of clinical signs of BD.

All authors are grateful to the family described in this case series for their participation.