Klebsiella pneumoniae infection secondary to spontaneous renal rupture that pres

Chen-Guang Zhang, Min Duan, Xiang-Yang Zhang, Yan Wang, Sheng Wu, Li-Li Feng, Lin-Lin Song, Xu-Yan Chen

Chen-Guang Zhang, Min Duan, Xiang-Yang Zhang, Yan Wang, Sheng Wu, Li-Li Feng, Lin-Lin Song,Xu-Yan Chen, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital,School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China

Abstract BACKGROUND Spontaneous renal rupture is a rare disease in the clinic. The causes of spontaneous renal rupture include extrarenal factors, intrarenal factors, and idiopathic factors. Reports on infection secondary to spontaneous renal rupture and the complications of spontaneous renal rupture are scarce. Furthermore, there are few patients with spontaneous renal rupture who present only with fever.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a 52-year-old female patient who was admitted to our hospital. She presented only with fever, and the cause of the disease was unclear.She underwent a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan, which showed that the left renal capsule had a crescent-shaped, low-density shadow; the perirenal fat was blurred, and exudation was visible with no sign of calculi,malignancies, instrumentation, or trauma. Under ultrasound guidance, a pigtail catheter was inserted into the hematoma, and fluid was drained and used for the bacterial test, which proved the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Two months later, abdominal CT showed that the hematoma was absorbed, so the drainage tube was removed. The abdominal CT was normal after 4 mo.CONCLUSION Spontaneous renal rupture due to intrarenal factors causes a higher proportion of shock and is more likely to cause anemia.

Key Words: Spontaneous; Renal rupture; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Fever; Infection; Case report

lNTRODUCTlON

Spontaneous rupture of the kidney is extremely rare. Causative factors leading to spontaneous renal rupture include urinary calculi, malignancies, instrumentation, or trauma. It can occur in the renal parenchyma, collecting system, or renal blood vessels and is often in either the pathological or normal kidney. The symptoms vary according to different parts and times of occurrence. We report a patient with spontaneous renal rupture with an unknown cause.

CASE PRESENTATlON

Chief complaints

A 52-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital's emergency department with a fever for 13 d and no cough, abdominal pain, nausea, or diarrhea.

History of present illness

The patient did not have chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease.

History of past illness

The patient underwent hysterectomy 2 decades ago.

Personal and family history

The patient had no remarkable personal and family history. She does not take drugs in daily life.

Physical examination

The patient's vital signs were as follows: Blood pressure, 133/74 mmHg; pulse, 78 beats per minute and regular; blood glucose, 6.0 mmol/L; and temperature, 39.2 °C.On physical examination, her abdomen was soft, with no tenderness, rebound pain, or percussion pain in the liver or kidney areas.

Laboratory examinations

Routine blood test results showed the following: White blood cell (WBC) count, 12.24× 109/L; percentage of neutrophilic granulocytes, 85.6%; hemoglobin concentration, 93 g/L; platelets, 358000/mL; and C-reactive protein, 138 U/mL. The blood chemistry examination, glycosylated hemoglobin, coagulation profile, and extractable nuclear antigens were within normal limits. Urinalysis showed urinary protein 1+, urinary WBC 3+, and nitrite negativity, and bacteria were not found in the urine or blood.

Imaging examinations

First, we considered the possibility of an infectious disease, but the site of infection was unclear. The patient underwent blood tests, X-ray of the chest, abdominal ultrasound, and urine tests to investigate the infection site. Chest X-ray revealed normal findings.

Around the left kidney, abdominal ultrasound showed a visible, liquid, dark area.To distinguish whether there was a perirenal abscess, hematoma, or tumor, the patient underwent a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan, which showed atrophy of the left kidney. The left renal capsule had a crescent-shaped, low-density shadow, and the CT value of the contrast-enhanced scan without enhancement was 53 HU, with no enhancement observed on the contrast-enhanced scan (contrast agent,iodohydril; CT value, 100 HU) (Figures 1 and 2). The perirenal fat was blurred, and exudation was visible with no sign of calculi, malignancies, instrumentation, or trauma(Figures 1-3). Inflammation was considered to be secondary to rupture of the left kidney and extravasation of urine.

Further diagnostic work-up

Under ultrasound guidance, a pigtail catheter was inserted into the hematoma, and 150 mL in total of fluid was drained and used for the bacterial test. The appearance was hemorrhagic, thick, and brown, indicating a Gram-negative bacterial infection,which was then proved to be caused byKlebsiella pneumoniae(Table 1) 3 d later. We considered the source of inflammation to be the hematoma, which had existed for a long time and led to chronic infection according to the normal urine and blood culture results.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The final diagnosis of the presented case wasKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfection secondary to spontaneous renal rupture.

TREATMENT

The patient underwent a bed rest and anti-infection treatment with ceftriaxone (2 g once per day) for 1 wk, with hemostasis and fluid support.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient's temperature returned to normal, and she had no sign of visible discomfort the next day. Three days later, the patient returned for a CT scan, which showed that the hematoma had decreased and that there was no tumor. Two months later, abdominal CT showed that the hematoma was absorbed, and the drainage tube was removed. Abdominal CT findings were normal after 4 mo.

DISCUSSION

Spontaneous rupture of the kidney is uncommon in the clinic. The causes of spontaneous renal rupture include extrarenal factors, intrarenal factors, and idiopathic factors. A search was performed in PubMed with “spontaneous renal rupture” as the key word, and 15 case reports from 2004 to 2018 were reviewed. These 15 case reports are summarized in Table 2. We divided the cases into three categories: Extrarenal factors (option A), intrarenal factors (option B), and idiopathic factors (unknown causes) (option C). The extrarenal factors included urinary stones, third trimester of pregnancy, and urinary retention. Intrarenal factors included tumor and vascular factors (Tables 3-5). Due to the rapid increase in intrarenal pressure, extrarenal factors often lead to renal pelvis rupture (Table 3). The rupture site is the fornix, followed by the upper ureter, when pressure exceeds a critical level reported to be from 20-75 mmHg[1]. The common causes are obstruction (urinary stones[2-4], third trimester of pregnancy[5,6], and papillary necrosis) and urinary retention[7]. Urinary stones are the most common cause of renal pelvis rupture[8]. Akpinaret al[9]described 91 patientswith spontaneous ureteral rupture, and 72% of patients had stone disease as the etiology. In particular, clinicians should be aware of papillary necrosis, which is hard to diagnose and known to be associated with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies and a wide range of etiologies[10]. Intrarenal factors include mainly vascular factors (immune system diseases, aneurysms,etc.), infections, and tumors, and they often lead to renalparenchyma rupture (Table 3)[11-14]. Zhanget al[15]summarized 165 patients with spontaneous repair of the renal parenchyma from 1985 to 1999 and found that tumor was the main cause, accounting for 61.5% of patients, while the vasculature accounted for 17% of patients and infection accounted for 2.4% of patients. The result is similar to that of the study by McDougalet al[16].

Table 1 Drug susceptibility results of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Table 2 Characteristics of the case

Table 3 Summary of the location of different causes

Table 4 Summary of the shock of different causes

Table 5 Summary of the anemia of different causes[20]

Figure 1 Venous phase of computed tomography scan of the patient. The image shows low-density liquid dark areas of the left renal capsule.

Symptoms of spontaneous rupture of the kidney can represent abdominal and flank pain, nausea, and vomiting. Sometimes, they are confused with retroperitoneal hematomas, which usually disguise them by imaging, such as CT scan[17]. Chenet al[18]showed that patients suffering from acute flank pain accounted for 66.7% of all cases,while patients with abdominal pain accounted for 33.3[3]. These symptoms are similar to those from other papers in our review (Table 2). However, when our patient was admitted, she had a fever without abdominal or flank pain, nausea, or vomiting. The symptoms of our patient were not typical, and we considered the possibility of infectious diseases at the initial visit. We think that the reason for these atypical symptoms was that the patient had adapted to the feeling of discomfort, namely, the renal pain became less severe because the hemorrhage was chronic, lasting for a long time, and the patient gradually adapted to it. We confirmed the diagnosis by a CT scan. Therefore, clinicians should also be aware of patients with atypical symptoms and fully examine a patient to diagnose him or her.

Figure 2 Arterial phase of computed tomography scan of the patient. The image shows no enhancement of the hematoma.

Figure 3 Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the patient at the initial visit. The left renal capsule had a crescent-shaped, low-density shadow, and the computed tomography value of the contrast-enhanced scan without enhancement was 53 HU.

Ultrasonography is a fast, safe, and inexpensive method to diagnose diseases[19,20];however, it may be challenging to distinguish a tumor, an abscess, or a hematoma by this method. Moreover, flatulence can decrease the accuracy of ultrasonography. In 15 patients, 4 underwent ultrasound examination first with normal results. The ultrasonography results of one of the patients showed a problem that could not be clarified. The diagnoses of all of these patients were confirmed after the CT examination. CT examination can also determine whether there are urinary stones,tumors, trauma, and other factors. Furthermore, contrast-enhanced CT can help to determine whether there are vascular diseases. However, we should be aware of the possibility of leakage of contrast agent due to vascular damage. Even so, these patients' CT images showed low-density liquid dark areas, and no enhancement was observed in the contrast-enhanced scans (Figures 1 and 2).

Treatment of the causes is essential. Patients with urinary obstruction should be provided with double-J catheter placement. Artery embolization can be chosen as the selective treatment if double-J catheter placement does not work[21]. For hematomas,percutaneous puncture for drainage and laparoscopic evacuation can be applied.

However, clinicians should pay attention to comorbidities such as shock, anemia,renal impairment, infection, and secondary abscess. As indicated in Tables 4 and 5,spontaneous hemorrhage caused by intrarenal factors causes a higher proportion of shock and is more likely to cause anemia. The reasons are spontaneous hemorrhage and intrarenal factors that cause damage to multiple organs over a long period,resulting in the patient becoming weaker and more tolerant. When hemorrhage occurs, the function of the body may become more serious. We can conclude that spontaneous renal rupture caused by intrarenal factors is more fatal, and more attention should be paid to this. However, due to the lack of patient information on renal function and infection status, we could not assess the damage to kidney function or inflammation, which is a limitation of this study.

Urinary tract obstruction is the most common reason for urinary tract infection[22,23].The predominant pathogen isEscherichia coli (E. coli)(approximately 75% of cases,similar to Bahadinet al[24]research). However, there are other pathogens involved, such asKlebsiella pneumoniae,Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Enterococcus faecalis, andProteus mirabilis. Bahadinet al[24]enrolled 333 patients and found thatE. coliwas the most common pathogen, accounting for 74.5% of patients, whileKlebsiella pneumoniaewas the next most common pathogen, accounting for 8.7% of patients. Our patient had renal rupture due to nonobstructive causes and a secondary infection ofKlebsiella pneumoniae.Klebsiellae pneumoniaeinfection is common in patients with immune deficiency, especially in those with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose. For this patient, we considered the reason to be hemorrhage leading to anemia and chronic consumption leading to immune deficiency or retrograde infection along the urinary tract.

The commonly available antibiotics forKlebsiella pneumoniaein primary care are amoxicillin/clavulanate, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin (Cip), cotrimoxazole(Cot), and nalidixic acid (Nal). Bahadinet al[24]showed the sensitivity ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeto first-line antibiotics, as shown in Table 6. Gołębiewskaet al[25]enrolled 54 patients and found that they developed 61 episodes ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfection.Forty-one percent of them were diagnosed with only a singleKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfection,while 59% suffered from recurrence. Moreover, 19 of them had multipleKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfections, while 13 patients had a history of reinfections with various pathogens. Moreover, attention should be paid to the antibiotic resistance ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeand the antibiotic should be adjusted in time[26]. We did not analyze the etiology distribution or costs among all the patients due to a lack of research, which is a deficiency of this review.

Our patient's symptoms were atypical, and she presented only with fever. The cause of the disease was unclear. Infection secondary to the perinephric hematoma and clear etiological evidence led to a diagnosis ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with idiopathic spontaneous rupture of the kidney who presented only with fever. This is also the first report ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfection secondary to spontaneous rupture of the kidney. In clinical work,patients with unknown fever should be examined to determine the source of infection and the associated pathogens and then receive targeted treatment. If patients have renal rupture, further examination should be performed, especially CT, to distinguish whether there are extrarenal factors, intrarenal factors, or idiopathic factors.

CONCLUSION

Spontaneous renal rupture is rare in the clinic. For this disease, the cause and location of the rupture should be first determined. Then, treatment can be given according to the causative pathogen. Moreover, attention should be paid to comorbidities,especially those caused by intrarenal factors, which are more fatal than other factors.

Table 6 Bahadin J's research of sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumoniae to first-line antibiotic[19]