牟氏庄园 中国北方规模最大、保存最完整的地主庄园

仙辑

坐落于煙台栖霞城北古镇都村的牟氏庄园，是北方头号大地主牟墨林家族几代人聚族而居的地方，也是中国北方规模最大、全国保存最为完整、最具典型性的地主庄园，1988年被国务院公布为“全国重点文物保护单位”。

始建于清雍正年间的牟氏庄园，经过历代人的修建，到1935年形成至今的规模，占地2万多平方米的庄园里分布着三组六院，建有万堂楼厢480多间。

据估算，前后修建耗费白银达48万两之多。六个大院沿南北中轴线依次建为南群房、平房、客厅、大楼、小楼、北群及东西群厢多进四合院落，形成一套完整的具有典型北方民居建筑特色的古建筑群落。庄园建筑工艺独特，雕刻砌凿，工艺细腻精湛，具有“三雕”、“六怪”、“九绝”之艺术特色。

牟氏庄园建筑物构造有三个奇怪现象，被称为“三大怪”。“烟囱垒在山墙外”，即烟囱全都用花岗岩石条托在山墙外，凌空耸立，非常神奇；“火炕口在室外”，是指在建房时火坑口都留在了墙外，工人每天按时烧炕取暖；“穿堂门一线开”，说的是六个大院中的正房都开着是穿堂门，正房除最后一排外，都是前后开门，一线相连。牟家原籍湖北，庄园的“三大怪”除了有防潮保暖、安全防火、保持卫生等作用，也是融合了南北方建筑风格的表现，增加了建筑魅力和审美趣味。

在牟氏庄园里，很多细节展现着建筑的惊奇，其精巧细致都让人慨叹于牟氏族人的良苦用心和能工巧匠的高超技艺。当年修墙时，主人每天发给石匠一些铜钱和锅铁，用来嵌在墙缝间，如果墙缝平整，铜钱就可留给石匠自己。有这种堪与现代企业管理制度媲美的鼓励机制，加之奢侈的投入，牟氏庄园一砖一瓦皆堪称经典。

Situated in Guzhendu Village in the north of Qixia City in Yantai， Mous Manor was a place where the family of Mou Molin， the biggest landlord in the north， resided for generations. It is also the largest landlord manor in the north of China and the best-preserved and most representative landlord manor in China. In 1988， it was declared by the State Council as a“national key unit for the preservation of cultural relics.”

Started during the Reign of Yongzheng （1723-1735） in the Qing Dynasty and renovated by generations of people， Mous Manor attained its current scale by 1935. Covering an area of more than 20，000 square meters， the manor has a layout of three parts and six courtyards with over 480 buildings.

According to estimates， it cost as much as 480，000 liang of silver to build and renovate the manor. The six courtyards along the north-south axis are courtyards of southern annexes， onestorey houses， living rooms， big buildings， small buildings， and northern， eastern and western annexes， shaping a complete ancient architectural complex with the typical characteristics of northern folk residencies.