西南实业大厦：重庆又一爱国主义教育基地

□ 文/胡先福 唐纲 杨云霞

位于白象街的西南实业大厦经过复建后于2016年5月19日开馆，成为了重庆又一个爱国主义教育基地。那么，其中有怎样的一段历史呢？今天，我们一起去看看。

Located in Baixiang Street, The Southwest Industrial Mansion reopened on May 19, 2016 and became another patriotic education base in Chongqing. Therefore, what has happened here in the history? Today, let’s take a look.

商贾云集的白象街

白象街位于渝中区下半城，东起望龙门，西抵太平门，是一条宽约4米、长约425米的临江背街。这里曾是重庆通往长江上游重要的水码头。1890年3月，重庆作为通商口岸对外开放，白象街成了商贾云集之地。中国爱国实业家卢作孚、“钢铁巨擘”胡子昂，以及晚清西南首富李耀庭等都曾在这里聚集。

1937年7月，抗日战争全面爆发，11月，国民政府移驻重庆。1938年4月，各抗日党派、民众团体、驻华使馆、新闻媒体、学校等相继入驻重庆，沿海民族工业也相继内迁重庆、四川、贵州等地。工业的西迁，成为我国民族工业的一次爱国壮举，改变了中国工业布局，也成为西南地区现代工业的开始。比如，兵工署第二十四工厂（现“特殊钢厂”）于1937年1月在重庆磁器口重建，钢铁厂迁建委员会（今“重钢集团”）于1938年3月在大渡口、綦江等地重建，新民机器厂、合作五金制造有限公司于1938年在小龙坎重建，中国化学工业社于1938年在李家沱重建，中国铅笔厂股份有限公司于1938年11月在菜园坝正街重建，天原化工厂、天利氮厂、天盛陶器厂于1938年相继在江北猫儿石等地重建。

① 位于渝中区白象街的西南实业大厦—中国民主建国会成立旧址陈列馆，现已成为重庆又一爱国主义教育基地。

② 1939年9月19日，中国西南实业协会代表大会在重庆交通银行召开。

1938年初至1944年，日本对重庆及周边地区进行了近7年的无差别轰炸。为更好地支援抗战、振兴民族工业、发展战时经济，内迁民族工商业人士先后在重庆成立了迁川工厂联合会和西南实业协会等社团组织。其中，迁川工厂联合会于1938年4月17日成立，到1943年会员最多时达237家，分别来自钢铁、电气、机械、染织等行业。

Baixiang Street, where merchants meet

Located in the lower half of Yuzhong District, Baixiang Street starts from Wanglongmen in the east and ends at Taipingmen in the west. It is a back valley with a width of about 4 meters and a length of about 425 meters by the riverside. It used to be an important water terminal to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from Chongqing. In March 1890, Chongqing was opened to the world as a trading port, and Baixiang Street since became a gathering place for merchants, including Lu Zuofu, the Chinese patriotic industrialist, Hu Zi’ang, the Thumb in Steel Industry, and Li Yaoting, the richest man in the southwest of the late Qing Dynasty.

In July 1937, the Anti-Japanese War broke out in full swing.In November, the National Government moved to Chongqing. In April 1938, various anti-Japanese parties, mass organizations,embassies in China, news media, and schools successively settled in Chongqing, and national industries in coastal areas also moved to Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places. The westward movement of industries has become a patriotic feat in the China’s national industry, changing the industrial layout of China and heralding the beginning of modern industry in the Southwest.For example, the 24th factory of the Bureau of Ordnance (now“Chongqing Special Steel Co., Ltd.”) was rebuilt in Ciqikou,Chongqing in January 1937, the Steel Plant Relocation Committee(now “Chongqing Iron & Steel (Group) Co., Ltd.”) was rebuilt in Dadukou and Qijiang in March 1938, Xinmin Machine Factory and Cooperative Hardware Manufacturing Co., Ltd. were rebuilt in Xiaolongkan in 1938, China Chemical Industry Corporation was rebuilt in Lijiatuo in 1938, and China Pencil Factory Co., Ltd. was rebuilt in Caiyuanba Main Street in November 1938, as well as a number of other plants were successively rebuilt in Miaoershi and other places in 1938, including Tianyuan Chemical Plant, Tianli Nitrogen Plant and Tiansheng Pottery Plant.

From the beginning of 1938 to 1944, Japan conducted indiscriminate bombings in Chongqing and its surrounding areas for nearly seven years. In order to better support the war of resistance, revitalize the national industry, and develop the wartime economy, the national industrialists and merchants who moved to the inland have successively established the Federation of Factories Moved to Sichuan and the Southwest Industrial Association in Chongqing. Among them, the Federation of Factories Moved to Sichuan was established on April 17, 1938. By 1943, the number of members have reached 237, which were from industries like steel, electricity, machinery, as well as dyeing and weaving.

成立西南实业协会

西南实业协会的成立就要曲折一些。1937年底，全国工业协会理事长、“味精大王”吴蕴初和中华职业教育学校校长潘仰尧等“星五聚餐会”成员，最先在上海为讨论西南地区开厂事宜，草创了“中国西南实业协会”。

这里提到的“星五聚餐会”要追溯到1928年了。1928至1929年，上海机制国货工厂联合会在日本货大量倾销、中国产品滞销、厂商资金周转困难情况下，每个月最后一个星期五，该会执行委员和监察委员中国化学工业社总经理方液仙、美亚织绸厂总经理蔡星白、新民机器厂经理兼上海机器同业公会主任委员胡厥文等25人共聚晚餐，讨论如何相互合作推销国货。随着中国银行总经理张公权、奉天省（今辽宁省）总商会副会长杜重远等的加入，参加人数增多，影响增大，故名“星五聚餐会”。

沿海民族工业西迁后的1939年9月19日，草创的“中国西南实业协会”全国各地分会代表在重庆交通银行召开了代表大会，正式成立西南实业协会。此后，“星五聚餐会”也成为了西南实业协会的一项重要会务活动，1945年初开始固定在西南实业大厦举行，至1948年，共举行了四百余次。“星五聚餐会”每次讲演者数人，内容广泛，对当时经济信息、经济理论、经济政策、实业生产、国际经济形势等各方面进行介绍，或针对实业界存在的问题进行分析，并提出不少意见和建议。参与者除民族工商业者，还有学者名流、国民党党政要员、金融界知名人士以及中共南方局领导等。

1945年10月19日，周恩来应邀在西南实业大厦作演讲。图为陈文士创作油画。

1945年10月19日，周恩来受邀在西南实业大厦“星五聚餐会”上发表了《当前经济大势》的演讲。演讲近3个小时，周恩来从政治环境、资本问题、发展问题、税收问题、劳资问题等5个方面，公开、全面地阐释了中国共产党的新民主主义经济纲领和政策，明确提出“国家资本、合作资本、私人资本在节制资本的原则下互相配合”，重申了共产党“反对官僚资本、垄断资本、侵略资本”的态度，要求“关税应当保护民族工业”“工人和民族工业均受压迫，应当互让，共求发展”。这次演讲，对争取民族工商界参加新民主主义革命斗争，产生了极大的影响。民国时期上海各界救国联合会总干事胡子婴在《山城忆旧》中说：“会员都来了，座无虚席，非会员也来得不少，站在窗外，户限为穿。”

The Establishment of Southwest Industrial Association

The establishment of the Southwest Industrial Association encountered a bit of twists and turns. At the end of 1937, Wu Yunchu, the chairman of the National Industrial Association and the King of MSG, and Pan Yangyao, the president of the Chinese Vocational Education School, and other members of the“Friday Dinner Party” first set up the “China Southwest Industrial Association” in Shanghai to discuss about opening factories in the southwest.

The “Friday Dinner Party” mentioned here can be traced back to 1928. From 1928 to 1929, in the case of massive dumping of Japanese goods, slow sales of Chinese products, and difficulties in the turnover of manufacturers’ funds, the Shanghai Federation of Factories with Machines Produced National Commodities would hold a dinner on the last Friday of each month to discuss how to cooperate with each other to promote domestic products, which was participated by 25 people, including the Fang Yexian, the executive committee member and supervisor of the association and the general manager of the China Chemical Industry Factory,Cai Xingbai, the general manager of Meiya Silk Weaving Factory,Hu Juewen, the manager of Xinmin Machine Factory and chairman of Shanghai Machinery Industry Association. With the join of Zhang Gongquan, the general manager of the Bank of China,and Du Zhongyuan, the vice president of the General Chamber of Commerce in Fengtian Province (now Liaoning Province), the number of participants increased and the influence also enhanced.Hence, the name of the dinner was called “Friday Dinner Party”.

On September 19, 1939, after the coastal national industry moved westward, the representatives of the “China Southwest Industrial Association” across China held a congress in Chongqing Bank of Communications to formally establish the Southwest Industrial Association. Since then, the “Friday Dinner Party” has also become an important event in the Southwest Industrial Association. It was held in the Southwest Industrial Mansion since early 1945, and has been held more than 400 times till 1948. The“Friday Dinner Party” has several speakers each time, who will cover a wide range of topics, including economic information,economic theory, economic policy, industrial production, and international economic situation, or analyze the problems existing in the industry and put forward a lot of comments and suggestions.Apart from the national businessmen and industrialists, participants also include scholars and celebrities, Kuomintang party and government officials, prominent figures in the financial sectors and leaders of the Southern Bureau of the Communist Party.

On October 19, 1945, Zhou Enlai was invited to give a speech on the topic of “The Current Economic Trend” at the “Friday Dinner Party” in the Southwest Industrial Mansion. During the nearly three hours of speech, Zhou Enlai publicly and comprehensively explained the new democratic economic guidelines and policies of the Communist Party of China from five aspects: political environment, capital issues, development issues, taxation issues,labor and capital issues, clearly stated that “state capitals,cooperative capitals and private capitals should cooperate with each other under the principle of capital regulation, reiterated the Communist Party’s attitude of “opposing bureaucratic capitals, monopoly capitals, and aggressive capitals”, and demanding that “tariffs should protect national industries” and “the oppressed workers and national industries should make mutual exchanges and seek common development.” This speech has had a tremendous impact on national industrial and commercial circles by attracting them to participate in the new-democratic revolutions. During the period Republic of China, Hu Ziying, the Director-General of the National Salvation Federation of Shanghai,said in the Reminiscence of the Mountain City: “Members have all come, and all seats are occupied. Non-members also come in a large number, who are standing outside the window to watch.”

民建：从西南实业大厦诞生的参政党

抗战后期，国统区通货不断膨胀，物价急剧上涨，民族工商业饱受管制、限价、重税以及贪官污吏的压榨勒索。抗战胜利后，国民政府允许美货大量倾销，取消订货合同、停止原料供应，使民族工商业身陷困境，发展举步维艰。1945年10月迁川工厂联合会、西南实业协会等团体推举当时在实业界非常有影响的胡厥文、胡西园、吴羹梅为请愿团代表，面见宋子文和蒋介石，陈述工业界危机及解救办法。但代表的要求仍然没有被答应，民族工商业感到极度失望。

面对中国两种前途、两种命运的选择，基于共产党政策的影响和对当时局势的认识判断，著名民主人士、教育家黄炎培，民族实业家、迁川工厂联合会理事长胡厥文，经济学家章乃器等一批爱国民族工商业者和与其有联系的知识分子，为团结自救、争取光明前途，发起筹组民主建国会（1952年7月民主建国会第二次总会扩大会议更名为中国民主建国会，简称“民建”）。1945年12月16日，民主建国会成立大会在西南实业大厦召开，旗帜鲜明地提出世界要和平、国家要民主、经济要发展、社会要公平、教育要普及、文化要繁荣的政治主张。

民建作为一个新的政党出现在中国政治舞台，与中国共产党和各界人士一道投入到反内战、保和平的民主斗争中。1948年4月30日，中国共产党发布纪念五一劳动节口号，号召“各民主党派，各人民团体、各社会贤达，迅速召开政治协商会议，讨论并实现召集人民代表大会，成立民主联合政府”。这立即获得包括民建在内的各民主党派、各人民团体、无党派民主人士及爱国华侨的热烈拥护和响应。从此，民建由与中共团结合作，走上了自觉选择接受中国共产党领导的政治道路。1949年10月1日，中华人民共和国宣布成立，民建成为致力于建设中国社会主义事业、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度中的参政党。

Minjian: A Participating Party Established in the Southwest Industrial Mansion

In the later period of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintangcontrolled areas encountered continued inflation and rocketing prices, and the national industry and commerce were under pressure from regulation, price limit, heavy taxes, and oppression and blackmail from corrupt officials. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang Government allowed the dumping of US goods, canceled the order contract, and stopped the supply of raw materials, which made the national industry and commerce in trouble and led to a difficult development. In October 1945,the Federation of Factories Moved to Sichuan, the Southwest Industrial Association and other groups elected Hu Juewen, Hu Xiyuan and Wu Gengmei, who were very influential in the industry at the time, as representatives of the petition group, to meet with T. V. Soong and Chiang Kai-shek and state the industrial crisis and rescue plans. However, the requests made by the representatives have still not been acceded, and the national industry and commerce were thus extremely disappointed.

In the face of the two futures and two destinies for China,based on the influence of Communist Party policies and the understanding of the situation at the time, a group of patriotic national industrialists, merchants, and related intellectuals,including Huang Yanpei, the famous democrats, educators and national industrialists, Hu Juewen, the director of the Federation of Factories Moved to Sichuan, Zhang Naiqi, the economist, etc.,launched the Democratic National Construction Association for the sake of unity, self-help and bright future (During the Enlarged Meeting of Second General Meeting of Democratic National Construction Association held in July, 1952, the Democratic National Construction Association was renamed as China Democratic National Construction Association, shortened as Minjian). On December 16, 1945, the founding meeting of the China Democratic National Construction Association was held in the Southwest Industrial Mansion. The association clearly stated the political views that the world needs peace, the country needs democracy, the economy needs development, society needs to be fair, education needs to be popularized, and culture needs to be prosperous.

As a new political party appearing on the Chinese political stage, China Democratic National Construction Association joined with the Communist Party of China and people from all walks of life in the democratic struggle for peace and against civil war. On April 30th, 1948, the Communist Party of China issued a slogan in commemoration of the May 1st Labor Day, calling on “all democratic parties, various people’s organizations, and various social elites should quickly convene a political consultation meeting, discuss and realize the convening of the People’s Congress and establish a democracy coalition government”. This immediately received enthusiastic support and response from various democratic parties, various people’s organizations, nonpartisan democrats and patriotic overseas Chinese, including China Democratic National Construction Association. Since then,China Democratic National Construction Association has united and cooperated with the Communist Party of China and embarked on a political path of consciously accepting the leadership of the Communist Party of China. On October 1st, 1949, the People’s Republic of China was announced to be established. China Democratic National Construction Association has thus become a participating party in the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China so as to commit itself to the socialist cause in China.

复建西南实业大厦成历史见证

“让历史建筑复活，让文化传承下去”。2015年底按原貌重新复建的西南实业大厦，成为爱国主义教育基地—中国民主建国会成立旧址陈列馆。据统计，自2016年5月19日开馆至今年9月底，已有40756名全国各地民建会员及游客参观瞻仰，重新焕发出昔日的光彩。

今天矗立在白象街历史文化街区的西南实业大厦，成为民建与中共亲密合作的永久性历史见证，成为全国18万民建会员缅怀民建先辈、守望民建历史、弘扬民建精神的重要载体。

2018年6月6日，民建浙江省委全省机关干部暨宣传骨干重庆社会主义学院培训班80人参观民建旧址陈列馆。

Reconstruction Southwest Industrial Mansion Becomes the Testimony of History

“Let the historical building be revitalized and let the culture pass on.” At the end of 2015, the Southwest Industrial Mansion,which was rebuilt as it was, became a patriotic education base– the exhibition hall at the former site of the China Democratic National Construction Association. According to statistics, since the opening of the exhibition hall on May 19, 2016 to the end of September this year, 40,756 members of China Democratic National Construction Association and tourists from all over the country have visited it and brought the glory of the past to it again.

Today, the Southwest Industrial Mansion, which stands in the historical and cultural district of Baixiang Street, has become a permanent historical testimony of the close cooperation between the China Democratic National Construction Association and the Communist Party of China. It has become an important carrier for its 180,000 members across the country to commemorate the predecessors of the Association, keep watch the history of the Association, and promote the spirit of the Association.