概要写作

黄园园

一、题型感知

概要写作要求考生基于所提供的短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。概要写作应具有以下五个特征：

1. 简洁性：用尽量短的句子对较长的原文进行简洁重述。

2. 自主性：用自己的话语进行概写，避免对原文进行抄袭照搬。

3. 理解性：表现考生对原文的精准理解。需要注意的是，考生不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法或做出任何评判，因此不能出现“I believe”“Ithink”等词句。

4. 忠实性：概要写作的内容和中心思想必须忠于原文主旨，不可偏离主题、肆意篡改。

5. 连贯性：概要写作并非简单罗列要点，各个要点之间要有恰当的衔接，从而使概要写作的内容衔接紧密、脉络清晰。概要写作的内容要完整连贯、独立成篇。

二、命题特点

1. 概要写作题会提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。

2. 所选材料的体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。在评判时更加注意内容、结构和问题的准确性，内容的客观性，用词的简洁性以及内容的连贯性这四个方面。该题型既考查考生的写作能力，又考查考生的阅读能力及逻辑思维能力。

三、赋分标准

（一） 评分原则

1. 本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。

2. 评分时，阅卷人先根据考生所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。

3. 词数少于40或多于80的概要写作需从总分中扣除2分。

4. 评分时，阅卷人主要从以下四个方面考虑：

（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；

（2）语法结构和词汇的准确性；

（3）上下文的连贯性；

（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。

5. 拼写与标点符号是写作规范的重要方面，评分时，阅卷人应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。

6. 如书写较差以致影响交际，阅卷人可将其分数降低一个档次。

（二）各档次的给分范围和要求

四、写作步骤

Step 1 析体裁、明主旨

进行概要写作时，首先要阅读文章，确定文章的体裁和主题。概要写作的三种体裁的结构如下：

阅读完文章后，应迅速分析一下文章的结构。概要写作类的文章多为“总—分、分—总、总—分—总”结构或并列结构，分析完结构后再把文章的自然段按意义进行划分，以确定要写的要点数量（一般为4个要点）。

Step 3 提信息、找主旨

在分析好文章的结构后，要按照文章的段落找出每一段的主旨句，并圈出一些能体现段落大意的关键词。说明文和议论文的主旨句多在段首或段尾，但也有位于段中或无主旨句的情况。另外，文章的每一段也可以按主旨信息、重要信息、次要信息和冗余信息来划分。在提取信息时，要忽略冗余信息，也就是与主旨无关的一些细节信息。

Step 4 拟草稿、巧概括

在找出文章的主旨信息和重要信息后，考生须迅速拟定草稿。方法是先逐句分析找出段落主旨句，然后对这些句子在不改变原意的基础上进行高度概括、同义替换或重构句式。最后，还要注意各个要点之间的衔接和过渡。

Step 5 再通讀、细誊写

考生在拟好概要写作的草稿后，首先要通读一遍，根据语法知识修正所写的概要中可能出现的一些诸如拼写、时态、标点符号、连接词等方面的错误。其次，根据文章的要义，核实一下所写的要点是否齐全。最后，把草稿清晰、工整地誊写在答题纸上。

五、写作实践

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Getting rid of dirt， in the opinion of most people， is a good thing. However， there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

In the early 16th century， people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to blockout disease， as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up theskin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538， theFrench king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546.

Thus the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way for a long time.

Henry Ⅳ， King of France， was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken abath， the king ordered that， to avoid the attack of disease， the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief in the merit （好处） of dirt was long lived， dirt has no longer been regardedas a nice neighbour ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking， cleaningaway dirt is good for health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means ofpreventing disease. Yet， it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond sciencesince World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea： clothes need to be whiterthan white， cloths ever softer， surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt， however， gone too far？

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first time parents nervously try towarn their children off touching dirt， which might be responsible for the spread of disease.

On the contrary， Mary Ruebush， an American immunologist （免疫學家）， encourages childrento play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position isgaining some ground.

写作指导

本文是一篇议论文。文章的结构清晰、论点明确，主要论述了从古至今人们对皮肤上污物的态度的变化。

Step 1 析体裁、明主旨

议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论三部分，因此写议论文的概要之前，考生首先要找出主题句（the topic sentences）、支撑句（supporting sentences）和结论句（conclusionsentences），其中最主要的是找准主题句。

Step 2 析结构、定要点

本文的论点为第一段，谈论从古至今人们对皮肤上污物的态度的变化。第二、

三、四段为论据，本文没有结论句。

Step 3 提信息、找主旨

利用议论文的段落主旨句多在段首或段尾的特征，找出各段的主旨句。然后，对这些句子在不改变原义的基础上进行高度概括、同义替换或重构句式，使其符合原文的本意。

第一段指出：However， there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

第二段指出：Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.

第三段指出：Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long lived， dirt has no longerbeen regarded as a nice neighbour ever since 18th century.

第四段指出：Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.

Step 4 拟草稿、巧概括

要点1：People have mixed opinions on dirt on our skin.

要点2：For a long time in history， people of some European countries， such as France，believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.

要点3：However， people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years later.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.

要点4：Nevertheless， some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may helpstrengthen our immune system.

Step 5 再通读、细誊写

【佳作赏析】

People have mixed opinions on dirt on our skin.（要点1：论点） For a long time in history，people of some European countries， such as France， believed that dirt protectedpeople from getting ill.（要点2：论据1） However， people began to change their attitudes todirt about 200 years later. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep ushealthy.（要点3：论据2） Nevertheless， some scientists believe that exposure to some dirtmay help strengthen our immune system.（要点4：论据3）

六、模拟导练

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

These days， our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears thatpeople have got used to being in a hurry. However， it is better for people to take their timeand live their lives at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.

The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility ofdoing wrong things in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry， they cannotmake a sound decision and probably regret later. As the saying goes，“ Haste makeswaste.” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly.We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.

Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example， takinga train to someplace certainly will take more time than taking a plane. However， taking atrain makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides， it allowspeople to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary， being in a hurrywill make us lose chances of enjoying our life.

Finally， slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us. As is known to all，taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are notin a hurry， they will become a loser and that annoys them. Being in a hurry can hurt peopleboth physically and mentally. According to some studies， people who have a slower pacesuffer fewer diseases， tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life istense， even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.

In short， working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our societymore advanced. However， much stress can't bring enjoyment， friends and health， which aremuch more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore， take your timeand live your life at a slower pace.

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________