三步智取七选五

时间：2024-05-05

蒙杏菊

英语考试题型中的七选五与阅读理解不同，它不仅考查考生对文章内容的理解，更考查了考生对文章结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。面对这样的考查要求，许多学生做七选五既费时费力，得分率又不高。對此，本人结合七选五命题特点和在教学中的实际情况，总结出“三步”解题方法，以期帮助学生提高得分率。

一、“读”

做七选五时不仅要读懂文章的大意，还要理清文章的结构。首先，我们要重视文章中的大小标题。大标题往往概括了文章的主旨，小标题往往归纳了段落的大意。文章的大小标题能帮助我们快速地理解文章的大意和理清文章的结构。从近几年的高考试题来看，七选五以说明文为主，大部分属于“总—分”结构或“总—分—总”结构。其次，我们要重视各段落的主题句（一般位于段首或段末）。即使部分文章没有大小标题，我们也可以通过读文段中的主题句，理解文章的大意和结构，帮助我们进行解题。

[例1]（2022 全国II卷）第36小题

Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. However， the process can be made easier if you learn to practice three simple techniques.

36 When you are first trying to think of ideas for an essay， put your pen to your paper and write nonstop for ten or fifteen minutes without letting your pen leave the paper. Stay loose and free. ......

The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect.....

The third technique is to try printing out a triple-spaced （三倍行距）copy to allow space for revision......

A. Make sure your handwriting is neat.

B. Let your pen follow the waves of thought.

C. The second draft of the essay should be better.

D. First of all， learn the technique of nonstop writing.

E. Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.

F. Many beginning writers dont leave enough space to revise.

G. Then you can print out a fresh draft， again setting your text on triple-space.

解析：这是一篇讲述写文章技巧的说明文，典型的“总—分”结构，36题设空处在第二段的段首，属于本段的主题句，与第三、第四段是并列结构。根据第三、四段的主题句“The next technique is to write...”“The third technique is to try...”，可以在选项中快速定位选项D“First of all， ...”。再根据设空后的“When you are first trying to think of ideas for an essay， put your pen to your paper and write nonstop for ten or fifteen minutes without letting your pen leave the paper.”可知，本段主要讲的是要学会不间断地写，选项D正概括了本段的主要内容，故选D。

二、“寻”

理解了文章大意和结构后，不妨在设空附近的句子中寻找线索（Clue）。线索主要包括复现词汇、代词、表逻辑关系的连词、句式、标点符号等。

1.“寻”复现或同现词语

词语复现包括原词复现、同义词或近义词复现、反义词复现、同源词复现等。词语同现是指语义相关联的词语同时出现在某一段落或同一语篇中，形成以某一话题为中心的词汇链。在阅读文章时，考生一定要重点关注设空前后两个句子，寻找关键词——复现或同现的词语。正确选项中的关键词往往会重复设空前一句或后一句的关键词，以确保文章前后的衔接。

[例2]（2022 全国I卷）第39小题

My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park. Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do， how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session， and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities， and provided her phone number. 39

A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.

B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.

C. Youll work harder if you train with someone else.

D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport？

E. How can you write a good“seeking training partner” notice？

F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.

G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.

解析：在阅读这段文字时，不难发现第一句和第二句话中都出现了“notice”这一关键词，利用原词复现，可快速地定位选项G，再根据设空前一句“It also listed her favorite sports and activities， and provided her phone number.” 從上文可知it指代上文提到的notice。（公告中还列出了她最喜欢的运动和活动，并提供了她的电话号码。）本段作者以自己的锻炼伙伴为例，陈述在寻找锻炼伙伴的公告中要包括的信息。选项G符合上文的语境，故选G。

2.“寻”代词

代词的作用主要是指代前面提及的内容，在解题时一定要注意空前空后以及选项中的代词，并确定其指代的内容，这能帮助我们快速解题。此外，代词的单复数也可以帮助考生巧妙地找到答案。常见的代词有it， they， them， one， ones， that， this， these， those等。

[例3]（2022 全国I卷）第38小题

You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media， but it probably wont result in a useful response. 38 If you plan on working out in a gym， that person must belong to the same gym.

A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.

B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.

C. Youll work harder if you train with someone else.

D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport？

E. How can you write a good“seeking training partner” notice？

F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.

G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.

解析：在38题的后一句中有“that person”（那个人）一词，代词that暗示了在38题的答案中必然有that person指代的内容，选项中能指代that person的有选项B中的“a workout partner”，选项C中的“someone else”，选项D中的“a better athlete”，选项G中的“a training partner”，然后再根据前后两句的句意，只有选项B“A workout partner usually needs to live close by.”（锻炼伙伴通常需要住在附近。）符合寻找锻炼伙伴的要求——具有便利性的特点，故选B。

3.“寻”表逻辑关系的衔接词

阅读设空前后内容，寻找其内在的逻辑关系，这往往会有一些表转折、并列、递进、因果、对比等关系的过渡衔接词或并列连词。如表转折关系的衔接词：however， though， yet， otherwise， instead， nevertheless等;表并列关系的衔接词：next， then， not only...but also...， first， second， firstly， secondly等;表递进关系的衔接词：also， even， in addition， whats more， besides， additionally， furthermore， moreover等;表因果关系的衔接词：so， therefore， thus， as a result， consequently等;表对比关系的衔接词：on the contrary， by comparison， by contrast等。

[例4]（2022 全国II卷）第38小题

The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect. 38 Yet， by learning to live with imperfection， you will save yourself headaches and a wastepaper basket full of crumpled（弄皱）paper.

A. Make sure your handwriting is neat.

B. Let your pen follow the waves of thought.

C. The second draft of the essay should be better.

D. First of all， learn the technique of nonstop writing.

E. Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.

F. Many beginning writers dont leave enough space to revise.

G. Then you can print out a fresh draft， again setting your text on triple-space.

解析：从38题设空处后一句“Yet， by learning to live with imperfection...”中yet表转折的衔接词可知，前后句在逻辑上是转折关系，根据句意可快速定位在选项E“Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.”，“太多的作家试图在第一次就把草稿写好。然而，通过学习与不完美共存，你将避免自己的头痛和一个装满皱巴巴废纸的废纸篓。”此外，选项E中“get their drafts”与38题前一句中的“write your draft”相呼应，起到承上启下的作用，符合上下文的逻辑，故选E。

4. “寻”相同/似的句型结构

七选五的体裁大部分都是说明文，往往是采用“总—分”或“总—分—总”的结构进行阐述，因此，除首段或末段外，其他段落之间很多都是平行关系，这意味着经常会出现一些相同或相似结构的句型。如标题句经常是祈使句或名词短语的形式，在做有关标题句的题目时，考生可以多观察其他标题句的结构，然后快速解题。有时候在某个段落中也会出现几个并列的句子，考生也可以根据设空前后句中相同或相似的句型结构进行解题。

此外，考生还需要注意设空后的标点符号，如果设空的句子后面是逗号，可见正确的选项只是某个句子中的一部分。这时考生要注意设空前或设空后的部分是否是句子。如果是句子而且没有连词，正确的选项通常就是短语或带连词的句子;如果是带有连词的句子，那么正确的选项就是没有连词的句子。

[例5]（2022 全国甲卷）第38小题

Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange， but they are important in various countries. 40 ， the more comfortable youll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.

A. The more friends you make in your lifetime

B. The more time you spend in any given country

C. Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils

D. Dont get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant

E. Its a good sign for the chef if you make a mess around your plate

F. Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them

G. It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal

解析：從40题后面的逗号，以及设空后一句中“the more comfortable”这一关键词块可知，此处考查的是“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构，符合这一句型结构的只有选项A和选项B，再根据下一句的句意“the more comfortable youll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. ”（你就会对它的外国文化习俗感到越舒服）可知，选项B“The more time you spend in any given country”（你在某个国家待的时间越长）更符合上下文的语境，故选B。

[例6]（2021 全国乙卷）第38小题

38 ？If you cant take their wine away， you should certainly try to take away their soapbox（讲台）. If youre the host， you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation.

A. How do you know the host

B. The first step is to go exploring

C. If you ask the question“How did you get here？”

D. Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers

E. Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say

F. What about that person who had too much to drink or wont stop talking

G. He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most

解析：从38题设空后面的标点符号“？”可知，填进去的应该是一个疑问句，符合这一条件的只有选项A和F。选项F“What about the person who has had too much to drink or wont stop talking”（喝太多酒或一直说个不停的人怎么办）提出了问题，后文正是对此问题进行回答“... you should.... you can....”符合上下文的语境，故选F。

三、“代”

在选出答案后，考生仍需把选项代入空格中，通读全文，看看选项与上下文是否衔接、连贯，是否符合上下文的逻辑关系。“代”入选项是考生检查选项是否正确的重要一步，考生千万不要急于完成试题或仅靠寻找一些“关键词”而忽略了如此重要的一步，毕竟试题中的干扰项往往就是出现了文段中的某些“关键词”的选项。

[例7]（2022 全国甲卷）第39小题

Making Requests

39 . In Portugal， this would be a serious mistake， because it shows the chef that you dont like their seasoning skills. Similarly， in Italy， never ask for extra cheese to add to your food.