时间:2024-05-05
徐鸿鸣
名词和冠词是高考的必考内容。大凡只要有名词出现就会涉及冠词的运用。因此冠词必须结合名词的使用来掌握。
一、冠词
难点形成原因:
1. 分不清元音因素、辅音音素或元音字母、辅音字母。
2. 不能区分不定冠词a, an和定冠词the,不知道什么是特指、泛指。
3. 把握不清特殊情况下冠词的用法。
4. 没有经常总结或归纳。
5. 训练量不够,使用不熟练,易混淆。
冠词三要素
1. 表示具体含义的单数可数名词前通常要有冠词。请改错:
①I agree with English teachers view that dictionary is a tool not a walking stick.(2 errors)
②A class master tells us that we must take good care of air conditioner in the classroom.(2 errors)
【解析】①第一处:English teacher前加the。此处英语老师是特指某位英语老师;第二处:dictionary前加a。dictionary是单数可数名词,前面应该有冠词,因此处为泛指,故使用a。
②第一处A改为The。班主任是特指,应使用定冠词;第二处:air conditioner前加the,空调是特指教室里的空调,应使用the限制。
2. 不可数名词,如果不特指,一般不用冠词;如果特指,要用the。请改错:
①We are often told that we should learn to observe everything happening in the society and the nature.(2 errors)
②Water is source of the life, which is a truth that we all know.(2 errors)
【解析】①第一处:society前的the去掉。society表示“社会”时是不可数名词,没有定语修饰时(形容词或of短语)不用冠词;第二处nature前的the去掉。nature表示“自然”时,前面不用冠词。
②第一处:source前加the。此处source是表示特指,即生命之源,前面应有定冠词the;第二处life前的the去掉。life在此是不可数名词,前面无需任何冠词。
3. 复数名词,如果不特指,前面不用冠词。如:
As Gorky said, “Books are the ladder of human progress.”
Getting along with friends is an art.
冠词的特殊用法
1. 单数可数名词表示其用途时,前面不用冠词,如in hospital住院,go to prison蹲监狱,by bus/train/plane等。
2. 表示职位或头衔的可数名词在作表语、补语、同位语,以及介词as后,通常不用冠词,如president,monitor, headmaster, mayor等。
3. 表示季节、月份、星期和含Day的节假日等名词前不用冠词,但我国的阴历节前加the。如Childrens Day,Teachers (Teachers ) Day,the Spring Festival。
4. 泛指的三餐、学科名称,运动项目名词前,一般不用冠词,但在play后的乐器名词前加the(中国传统乐器名词使用拼音,不用冠词)。
5. Man表示“人类”时,与human, mankind相同,不用冠词,但可用复数。
6. 表示世界上独一无二的名词前加the,如in the world。但有形容词修饰,表示“一个……(样的)……”时,用不定冠词,如a better world(一个更加美好的世界)。
7. 以地名、人名开头的专有名词前不加冠词,但由普通名词构成的专有名词前加the。如:Wuhan University, the University of Wuhan
8. the加在某些形容词前,表示某一类人。如:the rich/ poor/ old/ wounded/ living/ dead等。
9. 注意一些固定搭配:in public(比较:make a speech to the public),in surprise/ wonder/ danger/ tears/ comfort, in love with, under pressure, beyond expression等。
二、名詞
学习名词首先务必确定一个核心:该名词是可数还是不可数。该问题涉及冠词的使用,名词单复数问题,主谓一致问题,构词法问题等。
对名词的考查主要在语法填空、短文改错两大题型中。每年考查最多的主要是名词单复数问题以及词性转换,如名词变形容词、名词变动词等。
名词的备考要点
1. 名词的单复数
注意特殊情况:
(1)单复数同形:deer(鹿),fish(鱼),sheep(绵羊),means(方法),series(系列),species(物种),crossroads(十字路口),aircraft(飞机),headquaters(司令部),works(作品)等。
(2)集合名词:people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽)等作主语,谓语动词总是用复数。有的集合名词作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。如audience,government等。有的则是根据词义决定。如:He has a large family. 他有一个大家庭。
The whole family are all music fans. 全家人都是音乐爱好者。
(3)复合名词变复数时,一般是复合结构中的中心名词使用复数,如:passers-by(过路人),lookers-on(旁观者),runners-up(亚军),mothers-in-law(岳母)。没有中心名词的,在词尾加s,如:grown-ups(成年人),forget-me-nots(勿忘我),go-betweens(媒人,中间人)
(4)特殊复数构成:analysis→analyses(分析),basis→bases(基础),crisis→crises(危机),bacterium→bacteria(细菌),medium→media(媒体),phenomenon→phenomena(现象),criterion→criteria(标准)等。
(5)抽象名词具体化:success(成功的人/事),failure(失败的人/事),surprise(令人吃惊的人/事),pleasure(令人快乐的事),honour(光荣的事),must(必须做的事),difficulty(难点、难题),wonder(奇迹),danger(危险的人/事)等,前面可以加不定冠词,也可使用复数形式。
还有一些抽象名词前可加上不定冠词,表示“一种/个……”,少数中心名词可用复数形式。如:a need(必须做的事),a discovery(发现),a love(一种爱),a good time(一段愉快的时光),a collection of(一次……的收集),a knowledge of(对……的理解),a history of(一段……的历史),an understanding of(对……的理解)等。
2. 名词构词法
主要涉及名词变做其他形式的名词,名词变形容词,以及名词与动词的相互转换等。
(1)名词变做其他名词
3. 所有格
所有格的问题涉及不多,复习备考过程中主要注意名词所有格的构成形式。
过关练习
语法填空 阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
At present, high school students are under increasing 1
(press)to study long hours every day.They spend over 8 hours
2 day studying at school, some of whom even have to attend extra 3 (class)in their spare time.This greatly affects their 4 (healthy)and makes their parents and teachers concerned. To help solve 5 problem, recently, some relevant 6 (govern)departments have made a new regulation that no students shall go to school at weekends or during 7 (office)holidays. We support such a reform and we know that it is essential and important for us students to balance study and 8 (relax). You see, New 9 (year)Day approaching, and Ill make good use of the time to relax. Also, I come to realize that if I can rest well, the 10 (efficient)will be much improved when I come back to school.
短文改錯
以下短文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
Mr. Zhang is sixty year old and has retirement. He taught us the biology when we were in Grade One. He taught very well. He tried his best to make his classes lively. He usually made good preparation for the lessons and was strict with us. Each time we made mistakes in our homeworks, he would ask us to correct it. I was poor in biology. He often helped me with my studying patiently. With his help I made great progresses. He was such kind to his students. As experienced teacher, he was respected and loved by all the students.
参考答案
语法填空
1. pressure 2. a 3. classes 4. health 5. the 6. government 7. official 8. relaxation 9. Years 10. efficiency
短文改错
1. year--years 2. retirement—retired 3. the biology中的the去掉4. preparation--preparations 5. homeworks--homework 6. it--them 7. studying—study 8. progresses--progress 9.such—so 10. experienced前加an
责任编辑 蒋小青
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