高考英语阅读中如何理解作者的写作意图

平怀林

理解作者的意圖、观点和态度，是近四年来全国Ⅰ卷和Ⅱ卷的必考点，全国Ⅲ卷的常考点。每年每套题通常考1～3个小题。具体情况见下表：

这类题包括作者写整篇文章的目的，写某个部分或段落的目的，写某句话的目的，在文中提到某人或某事物的目的，以及使用某标点、引用和举例的目的等。本文仅谈作者写作文章的目的。

作者写文章的意图，或是向读者传递某个信息，或者是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。题干中常有purpose或不定式（intend to do， in order to do， to do），提问方式有：

What is the authors purpose in writing the text？（2017年全国Ⅱ卷）

What does the author want to tell us？（2013年全国课标I卷）

What does the text suggest people do about...？（2018全国Ⅰ卷）

写作意图与文体类型密切相关，因此，解答这类题可用文体推断法：

议论文——说服读者接受或赞同某一观点，倡导某种做法等。

说明文——介绍某一事物或说明某种现象。

记叙文——分享一段有趣的经历或故事，使读者获得乐趣；若是夹叙夹议的文章，则是表达作者的观点、感悟或启示，重点关注首尾段中的“议”。

广告——推销一种产品或服务，其目的是吸引更多顾客、游客、读者、订户、观众等。

典型例题

（2017年全国Ⅱ卷·27）I first met Paul Newman in 1968， when George Roy Hill， the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid， introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well-known as Paul—he stood up for me ...

The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that ...

We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success， you should put something back ...

I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was， and we didnt talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.

What is the authors purpose in writing the text？

A. To show his love of films.

B. To remember a friend.

C. To introduce a new movie.

D. To share his acting experience.

点拨：本文是记叙文，要在理解其内容的基础上去推断作者的写作目的。第一段写作者与Paul初相识，第二段和第三段讲建立长久友谊的原因，第四段谈Paul病逝前作者看望Paul时的情景，全文都是讲作者与Paul的友谊的，关键词是最后一段最后一句中的friendship，可见作者写这篇文章是为了纪念一个朋友，故选B项。

对点练习

阅读下列选段，从每题所给的A，B，C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

1.（2016年全国Ⅲ卷·31）If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see whats around. Its called Apple Day but in practice its more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21， but since it has caught on， events now spread out over most of October around Britain.

Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see， and often taste， a wide variety of apples ...

…

At the events， you can meet expert growers and discuss ...

Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places ...

What is the authors purpose in writing the text？

A. To show how to grow apples.

B. To introduce an apple festival.

C. To help people select apples.

D. To promote apple research.

2.（2013年全国课标I卷·29）Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my familys last vacation for example... The flight was overbooked， and Delta， the airline， offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day ...

…

Ive made a living looking for the best deals and exposing （揭露）the worst tricks ...

I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your moneys worth. Im also tightfisted when it comes to shoes， clothes for my children， and expensive restaurants. But I wouldnt hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its longer， and its the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.

What does the author want to tell us？

A. How to expose bad tricks.

B. How to reserve airline seats.

C. How to spend money wisely.

D. How to make a business deal.

3.（2018年全国Ⅰ卷·35） ... but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices（装置）well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment-and our wallets-as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

…

So whats the solution（解决方案）？... They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices？

A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.

C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.

答案与点拨

1. B 文体推断法，本文是说明文，作者应是介绍某事物。由第一段第一句If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see whats around（如果你是或愿意成为一名果树种植者，可利用苹果节了解一下情况）可知，作者是要介绍苹果节，故选B项。

2. C 文体推断法，本文夹叙夹议，能体现其写作目的的应是其论点或发表议论的句子，常在文章首尾。第一段前两句“为了省钱，有些人几乎什么都做，我就是其中一个”是作者提出论点，然后用自己的经历来证明；最后一段第一句“我告诉你这些，是因为让钱花得物有所值不是丑事”为总结句。据此可知，作者是在试图向我们说明“如何明智地花钱”，故选C项。“如何揭露骗局”“如何预定机票”“如何谈成生意”显然不符。

3. A 文体推断法，这是调研发现类说明文，作者对调研结果的看法常在调研结果之后。第一段a new study shows之后為调研结果“我们在继续使用过时的装置”，接着作者表明观点 “这对环境来说是个坏消息”“过时的装置比更新的装置消耗多得多的能源”，可见作者的观点或该文的建议是：人们不要再用旧电器了。故选A项。

责任编辑 蒋小青