时间:2024-05-05
陈君容
书面表达占高考分值25分,书面表达能力的高低,直接影响着学生成绩的高低。纵观近几年全国卷书面表达命题的特点,趋向于提纲式作文,给出大致的写作方向却不限制具体内容,属于半开放式作文;话题与中学生的学习生活密切相关,其目的是让学生有话可说,然而现实是,不少学生往往无从下笔,本文结合自己的教学实践,谈谈如何巧妙组织内容要点,提高学生的高考英语写作能力。
一、重视首段,言简意赅,直表目的
近几年的高考英语书面表达不给出开头和结尾,所以更应重视首段,首段应自然切题,言简意赅, 一般来说,常用的有三种形式:
第一种是开门见山式。用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题,使读者了解文章要谈论什么,这类多见于邀请信和求助信。
第二种是背景介绍式。文章开头往往要交代事件或者社会现象发生的背景,比如网络投票、公共场所的不文明现象、环境保护、节约型社会建设活动等。
第三种是感谢来信式。此类开头用于回信,开头往往是表示感谢、请求建议或帮助等。
除了要注意首句、末句,还要注意过渡,尽可能做到能承上启下,该部分言简意赅,以便留出字数描写正文部分。
下面以2018年三篇高考书面表达为例:
[例1](2018年全国Ⅰ卷)
假定你是李华,你的新西兰朋友Terry将去中国朋友家做客,发邮件向你询向有关习俗。请你回复邮件,内容包括:1.到达时间;2.合适的礼物;3. 餐桌礼仪。
Dear Terry:
How are you doing? In your last letter, you asked me about being a guest to a Chinese friends home. Now, I am writing to inform you of some relevant details.
[例2](2018年全国Ⅱ卷)
你受学生会委托,为校宣传栏“英语天地”写一则通知,请大家观看一部英语短片Growing Together,内容包括:1. 短片内容:学校的发展;2. 放映时间、地点;3. 欢迎对短片提出意见。
Notice
There will be a short English film with the name of Growing Together this weekend. The film is mainly related to the development of our school.
[例3](2018年全国Ⅲ卷)
假定你是李华,你的英国朋友Peter 来信询问你校学生体育运动情况。请给他回信,内容包括:1. 校的体育场馆;2. 主要的运动项目;3. 你喜欢的项目。
Dear Peter,
I am exceedingly delighted to hear from you. You asked me in your last letter about the physical exercise in our school and the following information may give you a rough sketch.
二、灵活运用多种语言手段
1. 变换句式,提高作文档次
很多时候一个句子可以有多种表达方法,若我们能灵活地把句子稍作调整,句子味道马上变得不一样。如:
“习主席夫妇于9 ∶ 30 到达机场,如”
表达1: President Xi and his wife arrived at the airport at 9:30 and they were warmly welcomed.
表达2:On arriving at the airport at 9:30, President Xi and his wife were warmly welcomed.
表达3. No sooner had President Xi and his wife arrived at the airport than they were warmly welcomed.
2. 轉换思维,巧妙分解难句
某些中文句子比较复杂,如直接表达出来,会言不达意或很多细节内容无法表达,这时候就需要我们转换思维,换一种表达方法。如:
假设你是李华,你在报上看到北京电视台今年七月将举办外国人“学中文,唱中文歌”才艺大赛。
(范文句子)I read in a newspaper today that a“Learn Chinese, Sing Chinese Songs”ForeignersTalent Show will be held in Beijing Television Station on July 18.
对于表达基础好的学生,写出这样的句子不难,但对大部分学生来说,这类句子是容易出错的,这时候我们就可以变换一下表达,降低表达的难度:
表达1:I read a piece of news in a newspaper today. A ForeignersTalent Show with the theme“Learn Chinese, Sing Chinese Songs”will be held in Beijing Television Station on July 18.
表达2:I read a piece of news in a newspaper today that A ForeignersTalent Show will be held in Beijing Television Station on July 18, the name of which is“Learn Chinese, Sing Chinese Songs”.
三、化零为整,有机组合,使句子严密紧凑
当写作内容要点零星杂乱,若根据给出要点的顺序会不符合英文的表达习惯时,就需要我们化零为整,有机组合,使句子能紧凑起来。如:
李明:高个子,戴眼镜;航班号:CA985 ; 到达:8月6日上午11 ∶ 30
组合前表达:My uncle is tall and he is wearing glasses. His flight number is CA985, and it will arrive at 11:30 am, August 6.
组合后表达:
My uncle, a tall man with a pair of glasses, will arrive at 11 ∶ 30 am, August, and the flight number is CA985.
四、重视书信交际功能,结尾得体
文章的结尾形式是多种多样的,不过一般来说还是以照应开头、深化文章主题为主。全国卷书面表达以书信为主,故我们要在结尾时注重交际功能,特别是书信类,演讲类,要注意用语得体有礼貌。除了常见的礼貌用语 all the best, wish you good luck, thank you 等,常用的结尾方式有:
1. 期待式
Hopefully, these suggestions would be helpful for you. I have the confidence that you will have a great time. I am looking forward to your good news. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷书面表达)
I sincerely hope your dream will come true and its my pleasure to show you around in Beijing when that day comes. (2018年北京卷书面表达)
2. 感谢式
Id appreciate it if you could do me a favour. (2016年全国Ⅰ卷书面表达)
3. 征求意见式
If it is convenient for you, lets meet at 8 ∶ 30 outside the school gate. If not, let me know what time suits you best.(2016年全國Ⅲ卷书面表达)
4. 补充细节式
If you have any other questions, please do contact with me. May you make great progress in learning Chinese. (2017年全国Ⅰ卷书面表达)
除了上文提及的几种常用的结尾外,“ Im looking forward to your reply soon./Looking forward to hearing from you.”几乎适用于所有书信类书面表达的结尾。
结束语
书面表达是对学生语言综合运用能力的考查,是考生学习的难点。本文提及的技巧有助于考生了解如何巧妙组织内容要点,做到作文时有话好说。当然,技巧是手段,基础是关键。考生在夯实基础之上,再结合技巧的灵活运用,高考英语书面表达能力的提升便是水到渠成的事了。
注:本文由广东省教育科学规划课题(高中英语高效课堂教学研究2015YQJK204)资助。
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