三个高级句型在高考英语写作中的应用

朱新法

多年的高考评卷经验告诉我们，高分作文（20分以上），除了具备能带来视觉美感享受的优美书法、能体现考生深厚语言功底的高级词汇、复合句和非谓语动词等特点外，一定少不了起到画龙点睛，妙笔生花作用的经典句型。一般来说，在一篇100个词左右的书面表达中，我们不提倡缘木求鱼、画蛇添足式的复杂结构和套句，但数量适中、运用恰当、和内容有机结合的经典句型往往有事半功倍的效果，会让阅卷老师眼前一亮、耳目一新，立刻激发他们为师者的惜才之心和成就感，高分自然就来了。本文以2018年广州一模和全国高考I卷书面表达为例，探讨高考书信文体中如何正确使用三个高级句型，即not only... but also、倒裝结构和强调结构，以使文章更有特色。

首先，看一下笔者给学生评讲2018年广州一模书面表达时的自创例文：

Dear Alice，

In response to your email seeking my advice， I am writing not only to express my sincere gratitude to you for your trust but also to offer my suggestions.

From my perspective， both of your parentsidea and yours are understandable. After all， it is because your parents love you too much that they expect you to accompany them all the time. On the other hand， you are old enough to have your private space. In such a case， I suggest that you stick to your view， and only in this way can you learn to live independently. Of course， you had better have a discussion with your parents about your plans and arrangements to avoid any unnecessary misunderstanding.

Hope my advice will help you to solve your problem.

Yours，

Li Hua

第一段里用not only... but also 把本邮件的两个写作目的“1. 感谢她的信任；2. 回应她的请求”并列起来，既简明扼要地向读者交代了本文的写作目的，又照应了命题人提出的写作要求，让读者一目了然。由于not only... but also 是中国学生既熟悉又热衷的一个经典写作句型，也是老师们教学中反复强调的一个结构，在文章开头使用，阅卷老师一眼就能看到，也会肯倍感亲切。

该书面表达的第三个写作要求是“3. 说明你的理由”。本部分首先分析了问题的根源，即Alice及其父母的看法的合理性；紧接着是针对写作要求的重点，即作者提出建议并说明自己提这些建议的“理由”。第一点用了强调结构“It is... that...”， 强调父母的想法有道理。此处强调原因状语从句，既客观地分析了问题产生的根源，又加强了语气，增强了说服力。第二点里用了倒装句，即Only加状语放在句首构成倒装，提建议的同时强调自己建议的合理性，符合人们的思维习惯。这里倒装句和强调句的使用无疑使文章在语言上有了亮点，上了一个档次，会给评卷老师更深刻的印象，引起他们的共鸣，打分时会情不自禁地往高处打。

在实际的写作过程中，考生要想拿高分，始终要有强烈的展示这三个高级句型（也可能是其他句型）的意识和愿望，要牢记我们必须想办法把这些高级句型用到每篇书面表达中。在写前的构思阶段即在考虑“写什么”“怎么写”的时候，就应该琢磨哪一段、哪句话、哪些内容里用哪个高级句型。为了用上这些高级句型，要创设必要的情景，提炼有关的要点，精选相应的用词，拓展关键的句子，调整表达的思路，有目的地把要表达的内容和目标句型缜密地结合起来。也可以在书面表达初步成文之后，在润色的环节把这三个句型用改写的方法恰当地融入进去，达到使文章晋档升级、妙笔生花的效果。

当然，不少学生对这三个句型的掌握还有模糊的地方，导致不敢用或错用；或没必要用而盲目使用；或牵强附会地死搬硬套，为倒装而倒装，为强调而强调。为此，笔者以2018年全国高考I卷书面表达（1. 到达时间；2. 合适的礼物；3. 餐桌礼仪）为例说明如何在高考书信中正确运用三个句型。

一、not only... but also（不但……而且……）

1. 用法说明：该结构属并列连词，连接两个词类和句法功能完全对等平行、做同一句子成分的词、短语或并列分句；强调后者；连接主语时谓语动词的人称和数与后者保持一致；连接并列分句时可以把not only 放在第一个并列分句的句首，且该分句倒装；第二个分句中的also 可以省略，或放在行为动词之前、主语或助动词之后。因此，要想在书面表达中运用这个句型，必须找出两个对等的或平行的成分或结构。

2. 典型错句

（1）用于否定句。如：

Not only you but also your friend should not play with cell phones while eating.

（2）并列部分不对等。如：

You can not only buy some fruits but also some tea.

（3）not only放在第一个分句句首时，不倒装。如：

Not only you can go to visit your friends before dinner， but also you can go to see him in the evening.（also最好放在 can后面）

3. 运用举例：

（1）谈写信目的

Im writing not only to tell you about the right arrival time and suitable gifts when visiting Chinese friends but also to introduce you some Chinese table manners.

In reply to your email inquiring about Chinese customs about visiting friends， I am writing not only to inform you of the relevant information but also to give you some advice.

（2）谈到达时间

Chinese hosts are not only friendly but also hospitable， so they expect you to get there before dinner in order to treat you to a big dinner.

Youd better arrive at your friends home at the appointed time. In this way， not only can you leave your friend a good impression of being punctual， but he can also have enough time to prepare dinner.

（3）談合适礼物

You can take some fruits or flowers that are loved not only by children but also by adults.

You can not only take some fresh fruits but also buy a boxes of milk.

Gifts like fruits and flowers are not only inexpensive but also meaningful and practical.

（4）谈餐桌礼仪

Chinese hosts will not only prepare quite a few delicious dishes for their respectable guests but also frequently put food on the guestsplate or bowl.

Not only loud noises but also laughing and talking loudly are thought to be impolite， which should be forbidden.

It is not only impolite but also disrespectful to play with cellphones at dinner time.

Not only the hosts but also the guests should avoid focusing on their cell phones at table.

二、倒装结构

1. 使用说明：倒装结构是为了突出句子的某一部分，把某些词放在句首时，必须把谓语动词或助动词放到主语前面，从而构成（部分）倒装。倒装结构的使用，增强了句式的多样性和说服力。写作过程中必须根据上下文创设情景，选择最适合的倒装句式。only加状语放在句首构成的倒装句写作中用得最广。另外，否定意义的频度副词（little， never， hardly， seldom， neither， nor， scarcely， rarely， barely等）、表示程度的so /such以及not only，not until等放在句首构成的倒装也很常用。

2. 典型错句

（1）助动词或情态动词不提前。如：

Only by working hard you can succeed.

（2）加助动词do， does， did后，谓语动词没有用原形。如：

Only then did I realized that I had forgot to close the door.

3. 运用举例

（1）谈写信目的

So grateful am I to you for your trust in me that I am writing to inform you of the relevant information as soon as I receive your e-mail.

（2）谈到达时间

Only by getting there on time or a few minutes late can you give your friends enough time to get prepared.

So friendly are Chinese hosts that they often prepare a big dinner for their guests so you can arrive there a little early to give them a hand.

By no means should you arrive at your friends home too early or too late.

（3）谈合适礼物

Seldom do Chinese buy expensive gifts when visiting friends except on important occasions.

In China， hardly do we open a gift box or bag to appreciate the gifts before the guests leave.

So practical and popular are such gifts as fruits， milk and childrens toys that they are appropriate for most home visits.

So unique and characteristic are the native produce taken from your homeland that they are the best gifts to give to your friend.

（4）談餐桌礼仪

So hospitable is your Chinese host that he will frequently put the most delicious food into your dish to encourage you to eat more， in which case youd better not reject.

We dont use forks and knives in China. Neither do you need to feel surprised when offered a pair of chopsticks.

You can not make much noise when chewing food， nor can you cough without turning around.

Never can you stick your chopsticks in the food or point them at others， which is thought disrespectful.

Never can you urge others to drink alcohol unless you toastthe others.

Only after all the people are seated can you begin eating with others.

Only in this way can you and your friend have a good time enjoying a feast together.

三、强调结构

It is +被强调部分+ that/who+ 其他

1. 使用说明：顾名思义，强调结构就是为了强调句子的某一成分（谓语动词和做定语、状语的形容词、副词除外）。使用该结构，既能增加文章句式的多样性和复杂性，又能加强语气，提高说服力和表达效果，容易引起评卷老师的注意。

2. 典型错误：使用该句型的常见错误包括：

（1）不需要强调却用强调结构。

（2）is 和was 的误用（谓语是各种现在或将来时态时用 is，谓语是各种过去时时用was， 不能用am， are 或were）。如：

It is you who was to blame for the accident.（强调过去应该用was）

（3）that， who， where和when的误用（除被强调部分是人可以用who或that外，其他情况均只用that，不能用which，where 或when）。如：

It was in the classroom where we had our PE lesson， because it was raining.（强调地点状语应该用that，此处把强调结构和定语从句混淆）

（4）丢掉引导词（that 或who）。

（5）强调句中插入定语从句造成句子过长、句意不清等。

3. 运用举例

（1）谈写信目的

It is your trust in me and your interest in Chinese customs that urge me to write back to you so soon.

It is for the purpose of giving you a brief introduction about Chinese culture concerning gifts and table manners that Im writing to you.

（2）谈到达时间

It is your punctual arrival on time that matters.

It is being a few minutes late that will give your friend more time to get ready.

As for the time of arrival， it is your punctuality that indicates your good manners and respect for others.

It is your punctual appearance at the appointed time that will leave your friend adequate time to make preparations.

It is your early arrival that will leave your friend unprepared， which is not advocated.

（3）谈合适礼物

The gift itself may be small， but it is the goodwill it conveys that counts.

It is small and inexpensive gifts such as fruits， milk and childrens toys that are recommended.

It is fresh fruits and flowers which are not so expensive that are especially well received.

It is toys and candies that are most suitable if your friend has children.

It is the local agricultural products of your hometown in New Zealand that are most proper in such a case.

（4）谈餐桌礼仪

It is talking and laughing loudly while eating that is always forbidden.

It is the noise caused while chewing or enjoying food that is considered most impolite.

If you have dinner in a restaurant， it is your host friend who should order the dishes.

It is your praise for your hosts cooking skill and hospitality that will make him happier with a sense of achievement.

It is your enjoying the foods prepared by your friend that will make your friend more delighted.

四、含三个高级句型的原创例文

2018年全国高考I卷的书面表达在内容方面明显有难度，因为不仅涉及到知识性问题，考生的地域、知识面、家庭教育、社交经历等背景差异也会对写作结果带来影响；而且餐桌礼仪又是一个很大的话题，如何在100个词左右的短文中内谈清楚三个话题对中学生来说很有挑战性。在有限的时间内，做到深入浅出、长话短说、大题小做，既要斟酌要点，又要用上高级词汇和两到三个高级句型，这绝对不是一件容易的事。但只要我们平时多积累，考场认真审题，准确理解写作要求，切题而不跑题（“到达时间”应该指到达朋友家的时间而不是指坐飞机到达中国的时间，饭前洗手是卫生问题而不是餐桌礼仪），精选要点，充满信心，正确使用基础语法和词汇，适当使用复杂结构和高级词汇，特别是恰当运用本文提到的三个高级句型，相信我们的书面表达一定能够得高分甚至满分。以下是一篇运用了上述三个高级句型的原创例文：

DearTerry，

I am Li Hua. I am writing to inform you of the Chinese customs concerning not only the right arrival time and suitable gifts but also proper table manners in family visiting.

Personally speaking， you should arrive at your friends home on time， for it is your punctual presence that will keep everything going as scheduled. As for the gifts， you can take some inexpensive fresh fruits or flowers. Native local products from your homeland are more appropriate. Talking of table manners， you are kindly reminded that you can never stick your chopsticks in your food or point them at others. Besides， noises in chewing food or talking loudly while dining are considered impolite. Lastly， only by praising your host for his cooking skills and saying thanks for his warm reception can you make him more delighted.

Hope my introduction will be helpful and look forward to your pleasant visit.

Yours，

Li Hua

責任编辑 蒋小青