时间:2024-05-08
王 卉
《义务教育英语课程标准(2022年版)》(以下简称《课标》)提出,学习和运用英语有助于学生了解不同文化,比较文化异同,汲取文化精华,形成文化沟通与交流的意识和能力,树立国际视野,涵养家国情怀,坚定文化自信。
但在教学实践中,文化意识教育存在以下问题:①对词汇、语法的过度关注,缺乏语言背后文化知识的挖掘;②存在西方英美文化的单向教授,忽视语篇的中华传统优秀文化知识;③文化知识表面化输入,造成文化育人价值渗透的断层。
文章将译林《英语》五年级上册第四单元Hobbies与同主题绘本A talented painter相融合,阐述基于主题意义的文化意识教育实践。
《课标》指出,文化意识是指对中外文化的理解和优秀文化的鉴赏,是学生在新时代表现出的跨文化认知、态度和行为选择。《课标》中文化意识的二级(5~6年级)目标为比较与判断、调试与沟通和感悟与内化三个方面。
程晓堂教授认为,比较与判断是学生在语篇的依托下,通过观察等阅读活动感知文化信息的过程;调试与沟通是在理解文化现象的基础上,分享与交流文化,进行文化实践的过程;感悟与内化是在获取文化信息和文化实践的基础上,感悟文化背后的观念,形成良好美德认知和表征行为习惯的过程。
综上所述,有关文化意识的教育,首先,教师要对语篇中的文化概念进行深度解读,梳理文化内容,决定是否需要文化信息的增补,从而确定文化意识教育的目标。其次,教师通过情境呈现文化信息,引导学生理解中外文化。再次,教师应设计观察、讨论等活动开展文化实践,启发学生比较中外文化的异同。最后,学生应感悟文化背后的价值观念,形成文化认知,以语言输出、行为表征等方式表达文化,实现文化育人,即从文化解读、文化呈现、文化实践到文化输出的教育过程。
主题涵盖了人与自我、人与自然以及人与社会三大范畴,各范畴下包含相应的主题群和子主题。课程内容的建构以主题为线索,以单元为组织形式。王蔷教授提出:教师要避免“有语言无文化”的教育偏向,提倡运用“大观念”落实育人价值。而主题意义的探究正是“大观念”育人的核心内容。
《课标》提倡,教学中要实施单元整体设计,首先应深度解读和梳理语篇的文化内容,对语言和文化知识进行适当的增补,建立语篇之间育人功能的联系。进而建构单元和课时的目标体系,将文化观念融入其中,逐级渗透,达到文化育人的目标。
1. 语篇研读,梳理文化知识
《课标》强调,语篇研读应从What、How、Why三个维度解构,首先理解文本的显性信息,再深入解读语篇的组织逻辑,最后,探究语言背后的文化知识与价值观念。
本单元的主题为“人与自我”范畴中的“做人与做事”这一主题群,子主题内容为“个人喜好”,Story time、Grammar time和Checkout time板块学习描述自己或他人爱好。Cartoon time渗透对爱好的擅长程度(擅长或不擅长)以及背后态度与价值观(坚持或放弃发展爱好)。Sound time和Song time关注对爱好付诸行动,强调育人观念的培育。
增补绘本A talented painter叙述了一个热爱油画却不擅长的小女孩薇薇的故事,其中夹叙了唐代诗人王维帮助有天赋的韩干成为画家的事迹。薇薇在韩干故事的启发下另辟蹊径,成为一个雕刻艺术者,从而解决了自己的问题。语篇以“问题—解决”的逻辑构思,意在表达对爱好的努力与坚持,并辩证地形成价值观(坚持或创新发展爱好)。同时,这也是个蕴含文化知识的语篇,如油画与国画的中外文化对比、文房四宝及油画工具的文化元素、韩干和王维的人文熏陶等,注重文化意识的培养。
2. 整体设计,建构文化目标
在深入研读语篇,梳理以上文化知识后,应结合学生的认知和生活经验,围绕文化主题,对板块和增补语篇进行适当整合和重组,设定课时内容与文化目标,形成整体设计。
本单元以“个人喜好”主题为核心,构成三个子主题,即“准确表达爱好”“为爱好付诸行动”“合理发展爱好”。由此,本单元可分为四个课时,第一课时为Story time和Grammar time板块,学习表达自身或他人爱好。第二课时为Sound time和Song time板块,引导学生为爱好付诸行动。第三课时为Cartoon time和Checkout time板块,辩证思考当遭遇滑铁卢,如何坚持爱好。第四课时为Story time板块复习和绘本A talented painter,内化为爱好付诸行动的观念,并懂得合理创新发展爱好。
本案例为第四课时,以Story time为语言认知基础,挖掘A talented painter蕴含的文化育人价值,完成本单元“大观念”的统整与培育。以描述韩干和薇薇的爱好,从而准确表达他人爱好;梳理韩干的穷苦困境并努力成为画马专家的脉络,激励学生为爱好付诸行动;在发现薇薇不擅长油画,却以雕塑解决问题的经历,启发学生合理发展爱好,创新思维。
在三个子主题观念达成的过程中,转向挖掘其背后的文化知识,学习优秀中华文化表达(文房四宝),对比中外绘画文化,讲述中国优秀传统故事(韩干画马),促使文化育人功能的实现。
文化的学习以“内化于心,外化于行”为逻辑体系。教师应先将语篇中的文化知识在主题情境下呈现给学生,从而理解文化信息,感知文化的多样性,并将中外文化进行比较。
1. 歌曲引入,激活主题情境
本课从一首紧扣Hobbies主题的歌曲“What do you like to do?”激活学生对“爱好”这一主题的认知。学生们在有趣荒诞的旋律中温习对爱好I like doing sth.的表达。随后,教师与学生进行自由交流,温习Story time板块和相关的语言表达。回忆课文中Mike喜欢却不擅长踢足球的细节,引导学生思考自己的爱好及其擅长情况,教师对学生的爱好进行随机点评,为后续薇薇的问题情境做铺垫。师生交流如下:
T: What’s the song about?
S1: It’s about hobbies.
T: Do you still remember our friends’ hobbies?
S2: Mike like playing football and basketball.
T: Is Mike good at playing football?
S3: No.
T: What about you? What do you like doing?
S4: I like painting.
T: Do you like oil painting or Chinese painting?
S5: I like oil painting.
T: Can you paint well?
S6: Not bad.
2. 问题驱动,深化主题认知
教师呈现薇薇画油画,却被哥哥瑞瑞嘲笑的图片,启发学生观察图片细节获取信息,并思考薇薇面临的问题:What does Wei Wei like? What does she use to paint? How is her painting?学生仔细观察图片,发现薇薇喜欢画油画的细节,并获取油画的绘图工具brushes和canvas等文化信息,与后文运用文房四宝画国画的中国文化进行对照。
学生入戏,沉浸在整体的、情节性的、有曲折的故事情境中。瑞瑞在图片中嘲笑薇薇,说明她的狮子画像并不尽如人意。学生能明显发现薇薇喜欢但不擅长油画的核心问题。以问题为驱动,教师带领学生阅读“韩干画马”的语篇,为薇薇寻找解决问题的方法,从而深入理解主题意义。
由于学生对历史人物韩干并不熟悉,因此在阅读故事前,教师补充了有关韩干的背景知识,欣赏其画马作品,同时调动他们对王维的已有认知,促进中国文化的英文表达,更为深化主题认知做准备。
师生讨论如下:
T: You are good at your hobbies, wonderful! Look! Here is a girl Wei Wei, what does Wei Wei like? What does she use to paint?
S1: She likes painting. She uses brushes to paint.
T: Oil painting or Chinese painting?
S: Oil painting.
T: Yes, we often use brushes and canvas to paint oil painting. And how is her painting?
S2: Her painting is terrible. She is crying.
T: So she likes oil painting but she is no good at it. What does Mum say?
S3: Mum tells her a story.
T: Let’s read the story “A talented painter” together and try to solve Wei Wei’s problem.
T: Do you know about Han Gan?
S: No.
T: Let’s listen to a short introduction about Han Gan. What’s his hobby?
S5: He likes painting horses and he can paint very well.
T: Great! He is a painter in Tang Dynasty. Let’s enjoy his works. Wow! The horse look like they can move on the paper. Can you say it in Chinese?
S:栩栩如生,跃然纸上。
T: Great! And Chinese painting and oil painting, which one do you like? Why?
S6: I like Chinese painting. It’s meaningful.
S7: I like oil painting. It’s so real.
T: That’s it! Chinese artists like the meaningful sense of a picture(意境). And Western artists like to paint realistically(真实).
文化意识的培养具有阶段性。学生在初步理解与感知文化内容后,应深入参与文化实践,如观察、讨论、总结等活动,描述文化信息,进一步阐释文化内涵,进而有助于自我文化意识的形成。
1. 活动探究,生发文化共鸣
阅读语篇是主题意义探究的过程。以活动为抓手,学生小组或同桌合作,共同完成“我是提问者”“我是帮助者”和“我是自助者”三个活动,教师通过引导学生提问,发散对文化主题的思考;从解读王维帮助韩干的过程,了解互帮互助的传统精神;以总结韩干努力发展的经历,体悟坚持不懈的文化底蕴。学生联系生活实际,从而对文化产生共鸣。
【文化活动一】我是提问者
在了解韩干的背景知识后,教师呈现绘本封面,根据What、 Where、 Why、 Who等疑问词,启发学生对语篇提出思考。如韩干后面的男人是谁?他们在哪里?韩干在干什么?为什么要在地上画马?引发学生的阅读期待,有助于深入思考故事背后的文化元素。师生提问如下:
T: Look at the cover. We know who is the man drawing the horses. What other questions can you ask? Please work in pairs and find more questions.
S1: Who is the man behind Han Gan?
S2: Where are they?
S3: What is Han Gan doing?
S4: Why does he paint in the sand?
S5: Is Han Gan poor?
S6: Are they good friends?
【文化活动二】我是帮助者
在浏览故事后,学生找出了王维这一熟悉的文化形象。教师相机回忆有关王维的诗篇,学生齐背《九月九日忆山东兄弟》,文化氛围浓厚。随后,学生四人一组通读故事,每两人分别思考王维帮助韩干的原因(Why?)和过程(How?)。在汇报的过程中,学习“文房四宝”的英文表达,并感受王维乐于助人的精神文化。师生互动如下:
T: Yes! Wang Wei helps Han Gan. Do you know Wang Wei? Can you say one of his poem?
S1:九月九日忆山东兄弟。
S:独在异乡为异客,每逢佳节倍思亲。
T: Wonderful! We know he is a poet, and he is also a famous painter. So why and how does Wang Wei help Han Gan? Please read in groups of four, two of you find why and the other two find how. Then, prepare for the report.
S2: Why: Han Gan loves painting but he is poor, he draws horses in the sand.
S3: How: Wang Wei finds his talent and gives him some gifts.
T: Look at the picture carefully, what gifts?
S4: Brushes, inkstone, inkstick and paper.
T: We call them...
S:文房四宝。
T: What do you think of Wang Wei?
S5: He is friendly.
S6: He is generous.
S7: He is warm-hearted.
【文化活动三】我是自助者
所谓天助自助者。在王维的帮助下,韩干凭借自身努力,成为皇上的御用画马师。教师组织学生两人一组,将韩干努力的细节做下标记,并进行总结归纳,有利于学生借鉴其精神,迁移至个人的日常生活中,同时也为渗透对爱好的辩证发展打下思维基础。师生总结如下:
T: What does Han Gan do with the help of Wang Wei?
S1: He goes to learn painting and develops painting into a real skill.
S2: He lives in the stable and watches the horses closely.
T: Why does he live in the stable?
S3: Because he thinks horses are his teachers. He can paint horses more real.
T: What do you want to say to Han Gan?
S4: I should learn from you, never gives up and keeps working hard.
S5: I should develop my hobby into a real skill too.
T: So Han Gan can paint well, so he never gives up. If he is no good at painting, should he never give up?
S6: Maybe he can learn to paint.
S7: Maybe he can find something he can do well.
2. 语篇回溯,建构文化结构
文章以问题(Problem)、解决(Solution)和结果(Resolution)的逻辑成文,教师巧妙建构鱼骨图的思维导图,学生根据鱼骨图复述文化故事,沟通阅读的所思所想,促其形成结构化知识。在上述的“我是提问者”的文化活动中,学生们提出了很多问题,回溯文本后,教师请学生探讨问题的答案。师生交流如下:
T: Good! This is the solution of the story. So at last, the resolution of the story, he becomes famous. Great! You can tell a Chinese traditional story now! Look! What does it look like?
S: A fish.
T: Yes! It’s a fish bone chart. We can often use this chart to understand stories. Now, you all understand the story. Do you still remember the questions before? Can you answer them now?
S1: The man is Wang Wei.
T: Do you know what is an inn?
T: What do you learn from the story?
S7: I should keep working hard and never give up.
在文化的输出环节,教师应巧妙联系语篇以及学生日常生活,运用文化知识解决生活中的问题,内化文化内涵,从而创造其现实价值与意义,实现文化意识教育的行为表征。
1. 情境表演,内化创新思维
为解决薇薇的困境,妈妈讲述了韩干画马的文化故事。学生将韩干的故事迁移到薇薇的情境中。由于薇薇并不擅长油画,问题的解决方式也有所不同。为激活创新思维,学生四人一组表演对话,一人为薇薇,一人为瑞瑞,另两人给薇薇提供建议,尝试创新帮助薇薇。
情境表演引发了学生对薇薇故事的兴趣,他们阅读文本后,发现薇薇制作了一个栩栩如生的狮子雕像。学生感到惊讶,这是一种创新发展自身爱好的方式。表演及对话如下:
S1: Look at your painting. The lion looks like a cat! You are a terrible painter.
S2: I like painting but I am no good at it. What should I do?
S3: You can go to learn painting.
S4: You can join the Drawing Club.
S3: You can also watch lions closely in the zoo.
S4: Look! Rui Rui can draw pictures well. You can learn to paint from Rui Rui.
...
T: Read the story and find what does Wei Wei do?
S5: She sculpts a lion.
T: Wow! She is no good at painting, but she can sculpt a lion well. What do you think of Wei Wei?
S6: She is clever.
S7: She is wonderful.
T: Yes, she can try again in a different way. I think she is creative.
2. 生活迁移,促进文化表征
在本案例中,语篇的文化内涵丰富。韩干是一个有天赋的国画者,在王维的帮助和自身努力下,坚持成为著名的画马家。而薇薇是一个不擅长油画的爱好者,她创新发展自己的爱好,成为一个雕塑者。韩干的奋进与坚持、王维的互助、薇薇的创新和妈妈的尊重,这些都构成了中国精神的文化内涵。
学生在日常生活中对爱好和问题的态度因人而异,在坚持或创新的文化意识下,他们可根据自己的情况迁移,融入价值观念,践行行为表征。师生对话如下:
T: Han Gan works hard and never gives up. Wei Wei tries again...
S: In a different way.
T: Wang Wei helps others and Mum...
S: Respect others.
T: Good! This is the traditional Chinese Spirit when we face and solve problems. So what about you? Do you ever have problems? Are you good at your hobbies? Now, let’s finish your fish bone chart and share with us.
S1: I love swimming, but I am a little afraid of water. From Han Gan and Wei Wei, I know I shouldn’t be afraid of water and I should practise more and keep working hard. I go to the swimming school to learn swimming and now, I’m a good swimmer.
在日常教学中融入文化意识教育,首先要基于主题意义。以主题意义为依托,梳理单元内各个板块的文化知识,增补语篇资源,解读文化观念。从单元整体的视角,以文化观念贯穿每一课时,促进文化育人目标的达成。
文化意识教育是一个阶段性的过程。从文化呈现、文化实践到文化输出,遵循“内化于心,外化于行”的思维逻辑,在理解与比较中感知文化,在沟通与运用中建构文化,在内化与表征中产出文化。
总之,教师应加强中华传统文化意识的敏感度,在语言知识的背后挖掘文化知识。创设主题情境,关注中外文化的认知与对照,将文化意识教育落到学生日常行为的表征上,从而使得文化意识的培育真正落地。
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