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文学圈模式在高中英语小说阅读中的应用

时间:2024-05-09

□周思臾

(浙江省镇海中学,浙江宁波 315200)

2014年,教育部下发《关于全面深化课程改革 落实立德树人根本任务的意见》,首次提出了“核心素养体系”的全新概念。2018年颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》(以下简称《新课标》)在整合原三维目标的基础上凝练了学科核心素养,明确指出英语学科核心素养主要包括语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力,其总目标中也提及了立德树人根本任务,并把中国情怀、国际视野和跨文化沟通能力三大关键词作为具体培养目标[1]。

为了顺应新课程,全面提升学生的核心素养,浙江省也创造性地进行了高考英语改革,出现了两种全新的写作题型——读后续写和概要写作。其中,读后续写相比较于英语老高考中的写作,最大的不同在于,对于学生的描述性语言提出了极大的要求。描述性语言在教材中很难遇见和积累,而英语小说语言地道,有大量的环境、外貌、心理等描述性语言,是极佳的语言输入素材。而且英语小说的主题往往关注“人”的各个方面[2],这恰恰符合了《新课标》中提出的人与自我、人与社会和人与自然三大主题语境。其语言、内容也更加真实、地道,更能反映出西方文化特点,因此阅读英语小说在获得语言能力的同时,能激发学生的阅读兴趣,培养良好的阅读习惯,从长远看有利于核心素养的全面提升。

因此,笔者认为在高中开展英语小说阅读是非常有必要的。而且,笔者在英语小说阅读中尝试运用了文学圈模式,取得了不错的效果。

一、文学圈模式

20世纪80年代初,一批美国教师实践了由学生主导的小组讨论模式进行文学作品的阅读与学习,受到了学生的普遍欢迎。1994年,美国学者Harvey Daniels提出了“文学圈”这一全新概念,并在2002年对于其定义做了更新。他认为,文学圈模式必须具备以下11个要素:(1)学生自主选择阅读材料;(2)根据不同的书形成临时阅读小组;(3)不同小组阅读不同的书籍;(4)小组成员定期见面讨论阅读结果;(5)学生利用角色日志指导他们阅读和讨论;(6)学生自选讨论话题;(7)小组讨论应以开放性问题为主;(8)教师应扮演讨论引导者而非参与者;(9)通过教师课堂观察和学生自我评价进行评价;(10)教室的氛围应是有趣的、欢乐的;(11)一本书阅读完后,同学间分享成果并选择新的阅读材料进行学习[3]。

通常,文学圈由4~6人组成,圈内每个学生结合自身英语水平及兴趣特长,承担不同的角色和任务,从而进行有针对性的阅读。文学圈中常见的角色见表1。

表1

每个角色在课前都会收到一张角色日志(Role Sheet),各个角色根据日志说明以书面形式详细记录阅读内容和体会,这不仅检测了学生自主阅读的成效,而且完成了从阅读输入向写作输出的转化[4]。文学圈模式中的各个角色能够专注提升英语学科核心素养的某些维度,其中词汇大师、修辞探索员侧重语言能力的提高,背景研究员侧重文化意识的培养,图表分析师、现实意义联想师、评论家主要训练学生的思维品质,讨论引导师、总结者能够发展其学习能力。这些角色并非一成不变,在阅读新的章节或新的作品时,完全可以变换角色,促进其核心素养的全面发展。

文学圈模式以学生为中心,利用《新课标》所倡导的自主学习、合作学习、探究学习等学习方式,形成紧密的学习共同体,分工协作,从分享小说背景知识、作者简介开始,到文章场景探究,再到文章现实意义联想和词汇解读,最后到总结反思,学生一步步进行创造性思维活动,达到小说阅读能力的层级提升。

评价方面,文学圈模式一般倡导学生自评和教师评价相结合的方式。学生自评以评价表的形式进行,教师评价则基于上交的角色日志和教师课堂观察,并结合学生自评,给出评价等级和反馈意见。这种评价模式有利于学生自我反思,并做好英语学习的自我管理,提高学习效率[5]。

二、文学圈模式在高中英语小说阅读中的应用

下面,笔者以小说“The Boy in the Striped Pajamas”为例,探讨文学圈模式在高中英语小说阅读中的应用。该小说是由爱尔兰作家约翰·波恩创作,是以一个9岁男孩布鲁诺为视角的二战题材作品。小说的语言并不晦涩难懂,正好符合学生的最近发展区,阅读该小说在帮助学生积累描述性语言能力的同时,还能引导学生形成正确的价值取向,有利于学生核心素养的发展。

笔者根据小说的实际需要,安排了以下六个角色:场景追踪者、词汇大师、讨论引导师、现实意义联想师、背景研究员和总结者。班上有42名学生,教师根据学生的英语成绩及性格特点,将之平均分成七组。笔者利用一次早读的时间,对于文学圈这一模式和每个角色所承担的任务进行详细阐述。学生领到角色日志后,课外自主阅读小说相关章节,课前完成角色日志内容。课堂上20分钟用于小组成员在讨论引导师的引导下结合各自角色日志进行有组织的讨论,剩余20分钟由其中一个小组进行汇报展示,形式包括但不限于板书、PPT、思维导图等。在展示过程中,其他组员可以自由向主讲人提问。课后,学生根据课上讨论和展示进一步完善角色日志,上交供教师进行综合评价。笔者在整堂课中扮演组织者、观察者、帮助者的角色,不直接参与课堂讨论。

Step 1.Organized Group Discussion(20 mins)

Teacher:Last week,I assigned you to read Chapter 1 of the novelThe Boy in the Striped Pajamas.I’m sure you have accomplished your task based on the role sheet each received.Now take your role sheet and find your members to conduct a detailed study of Chapter 1.You will have 20 minutes.Here you go!

【解析】此环节是在小组讨论引导师的组织下进行,由每个角色结合课前完成的角色日志进行主题发言和自由讨论,并由总结者进行记录总结。主题发言能够帮助每个学生从背景、人物、修辞、语言等多角度对小说进行深度解读,自由讨论能帮助学生辩证思考,碰撞出智慧的火花。

Step 2.Group Presentation(20 mins)

Teacher:OK.Time is up.Now I will invite one of your groups to share with us your discussion results to help you have a better understanding of this chapter.Let’s welcome the Discussion Director to chair the following activities.

Discussion Director:Good morning!I’m honored to moderate today’s discussion.We all know the background information of the author is really vital for the comprehension of a novel.So before we go further,I want to welcome the Investigator to give us a brief introduction to the author.

Investigator:Now let’s talk about John Boyne.He was born in Dublin,Ireland in 1971,and studied English Literature at Trinity College,and Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia where he was awarded the Curtis Brown Prize.He has published 10 novels for adults and 5 for younger readers,includingThe Boy in the Striped Pajamaswhich was aNew York TimesNo.1 bestseller and was made into a Miramax feature film.His novels are published in over 50 languages.His other works are also listed on the screen for your reference.That’s all from me.Thank you!

【解析】讨论引导师首先邀请背景研究员根据其网上查阅的资源进行作者背景简介,主要包括国籍、学习经历、相关作品和主要成就等。作者背景简介能帮助学生理解小说中剧情发展的时代背景,并激发学生阅读该作者其他作品的兴趣。

Discussion Director:Thank you!Next let’s invite the Travel Tracer to share with us the sketch of the changes of the setting in this chapter because we know this is crucial for the development of the whole story.

Travel Tracer:OK.Let me introduce the changes of the setting in this chapter.First,please turn to Page 5.Today’s action begins in Bruno’s home where he finds the maid Maria is packing his belongings.The key events happen on Page 6 where Bruno’s parents are arguing,probably about the upcoming move.Finally today’s events end on Page 9.Bruno goes upstairs to help Maria pack with a deep sigh.That’s my understanding of the changes of the setting.Thanks for listening.

【解析】讨论引导师引出场景追踪者,由其介绍小说第一章中场景的设置和变化,尤其是对于关键场景的分析解读,帮助学生厘清文章的脉络和发展走向。

Discussion Director:OK.Next,we’d like to welcome the Connector to show us the connections she has found between the stories and the outside world.Let’s welcome.

Connector:Hello,everyone.First,Bruno regarded his sister Gretel as a Hopeless Case,because he was concerned if his parents showed preference for her.It’s a very common phenomenon existing in today’s families with more than one child,since kids are all longing for parents’wholehearted love.Second,Bruno drove his sanity away when he was told he had to say goodbye to his friends.This makes me think of the moment we are about to experience when we are to graduate and step into a fresh new world.We also will be swept by loneliness and heartbroken to bid farewell to old friends.It is very inspiring.Third,the story reminds me of the different values between us and our parents since Bruno and his parents are concerned about quite different things on the forthcoming departure.Finally,let’s shift our attention to one particular scene you may not have noticed.When Bruno intends to speak out his own thoughts,his mother always ruthlessly stops his interruption.We all know the misunderstanding and arguments are often rooted in the insufficient mutual communication.Therefore,communication between kids and parents is of paramount importance.Those are some of my opinions,thank you!

【解析】现实意义联想师在发言中将故事内容和其现实意义紧密联系起来,这需要极强的批判性思维能力,是对核心素养思维能力的强化培养。该学生条理清楚,把故事中的相关情节同现在的二胎关系问题、高中毕业、价值观和孩子与父母关系等社会热点问题关联起来,让学生能体会到小说的情节并不是空洞缥缈的,而是社会现实的真实映射,发人深省。

Discussion Director:Alright,having talked so much about the plot,let’s now talk about something practical—vocabulary.The Vocabulary Enricher is going to share with us some useful words and expressions in this chapter.

Vocabulary Enricher:OK.Now I will show you some useful words and expressions which might be helpful for your writing.Look at the screen here.You may underline them in the passage and then some examples from the dictionary are for your reference.

Some of the phrases mentioned are listed below:

inaspoliteatoneashecouldmuster(P5,L9)

twist her hands together nervously(P6,L1)

The rims of her eyes were more red than usual.(P6,L34)

frown(P6,L48)

nod his head(P7,L1)

He repeated,spluttering out the words as if his mouth was full of biscuits that he’d munched into tiny pieces but not actually swallowed yet.(P8,L46)

raise an eyebrow(P9,L2)

【解析】词汇大师带领大家进行词汇学习,尤其是新高考续写中需要的描述性词汇,极具实用价值。通过这个学习过程,学生能提升对于描述性词汇的感知,培养其在今后阅读过程中发现高级短语的自主学习能力。

Discussion Director:OK.Finally,let’s welcome the Summarizer to give us a short summary of our discussion today.

Summarizer:Let me begin with the summary of the story in Chapter 1.Coming home from school,Bruno was astonished to find Maria,the maid,was packing all his belongings.Inquiring mother about what was happening,he was told that the whole family would move because of his father’s job.Thinking of his friends and other things to be left behind,Bruno felt upset but to yield.I hope this summary will help you have a better grasp of this chapter.Also,in today’s discussion we have covered the introduction to the author,the changes of the setting as well as some useful phrases.Hopefully,you will apply those phrases to your writing.Particularly,our Connector did a quite excellent job because she has connected the story in this chapter to some real phenomena in our society such as different values between kids and parents,insufficient communication between kids and parents,siblings’relationship and so on.Again,let’s give her a big hand!(Applause)Next week,we want to focus our attention more on writing style which we don’t have time to cover this week.That’s all from me.Thank you!

【解析】最后由总结者对于第一章故事内容进行复述,让全班学生加深对于故事的理解,潜移默化地提高概要写作能力。另外总结者还把其他角色完成的任务做了概述,最后提出了下次讨论的重点话题。值得关注的是,他肯定了现实意义联想师的表现,赢得了大家的一片掌声,同伴间产生的积极影响,值得倡导。

在《新课标》和新高考模式的双向驱动下,高中英语小说阅读的重要性可见一斑。文学圈模式应用于高中英语小说教学,是以学生为中心的自主、合作、探究式学习,既有课前阅读和课上交流作为阅读输入,又有角色日志和分组讨论等多种形式的语言输出。笔者经过一段时间文学圈模式的小说教学实践后,从文学圈自我评价、读后续写语言丰富性、概要要点提炼准确性等维度都可以发现,学生的四大核心素养均有明显提升。

但不可否认的是,笔者在实践过程中也发现了许多有待细化和改进的地方。笔者发现承担背景研究员角色的学生绝大多数都是从网上找来信息,完全抄写到角色日志中,缺乏自己的整合。因此笔者建议引导学生根据需要针对性地提取信息,并用自己的语言整合,这样不仅能激发学生聆听的兴趣,同时也是对新高考概要写作要点提取能力的培养。另外,应当给予学生更多自主权,可以从学生事先准备问题教师把关逐步过渡到完全由学生自主选择问题。学生自主选择的问题往往是共性问题,更能激发学生讨论的欲望。

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