时间:2024-05-09
邱扬
【摘要】《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准》指出,全面加强学生听、说、读、写的基本功技能训练,努力使语言知识转化为语言应用能力。而在这四种基本技能中,说和写是语言运用能力的集中表现,尤其对于写反映学生英语综合水平,难度较大,学生必须具备一定的词汇积累,语法基础和英语语感才能进行英语写作,英语写作也是对高中学生学习英语提出的最高要求,这是老师和学生们感到相当棘手的事。下文以人教版英语必修一Unit5 Nelson Mandela—A Modern Hero 为例,挖掘写作训练的素材,通过诵读,翻译,强化句型结构,改写,训练学生的写作能力。
【关键词】课程标准 英语写作
一、分析每单元的重点句型结构,让学生抄写,朗读并背诵
以积累和把握英语句法为基础,提高学生的书面表达能力。写作能力的培养不是一蹴而就的,必须经过“阅读—积累—模仿—自主表达”四个阶段。对课文里的重点句型的重视,能积累单词、短语、习惯表达和精彩句式,强化正确意识和语感,积累写作材料。
以人教版高中英语必修一Unit5 Nelson Mandela—a Modern Hero为例,把课文的重点句子画出来,如下:
The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.
The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.
After trying hard, I got a job in a gold mine.
The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no right at all…only then did we decide to answer violence with violence.
I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.
布置成家庭作业让学生抄写,训练其书写美观,把他们的抄写漂亮的作品,贴在班级的墙壁上,让基础较差的学生也能体验成功,树立自信,调动写的积极性。
在课堂上分析句子结构,抓句子的主干,加强英语基本句型的训练,如下:
The time was difficult.
The school was three kilometers away.
I got a job.
The last thirty years have seen laws.
We decided to answer.
I felt bad.
无论多么复杂的句子,都有能表达该句中心意思的“主句”,其余则是起修饰、补充作用的定语、状语以及各种类型的“从句”。几乎所有的英语句型都是基本句型再用介词短语,从句,分词等结构进行再扩大、延伸或变化。分析句子主干之后,有利于学生更好的理解,诵读成句。
二、重视特殊句型的训练,让句子结构多样化
句子的结构的多样化包括句子结构的变化和句子长度的变化,写作时学生应以简单句,并列句为主,复合句为辅。最常用的从句是状语从句和定语从句,特殊句式,其中强调句在高考书面表达的范文中,频繁的运用。如以Only放在句首的倒装句。
Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings.(09福建卷)
Only in this way can I gain more confidence in smiling my troubles away and live a better life.(2012福建卷)
Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.(2013福建卷)
Unit5课文中的原句是“…only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. ”只是在那时我们才决定以暴制暴。其用法是only 放在句首且后接状语(副词 / 介词短语 / 状语从句)时,以only 位于句首,且后面接的是状语时,要使用部分倒装,即将主句助动词、情态动词或系动词放在主语前。在教授这个句型的时候可以通过改写,翻译,仿写,对学生进行强化训练,鼓励学生有意识的运用到书面表达中,让句式多样化,也可以成为提分的一个亮点。
第一,改写成以only开头的倒装句
1.We realized the mistake then
Only then did we realize the mistake.
2. You can solve the problem in this way.
Only in this way can you solve the problem.
3. We finally knew the news when he came back from work .
Only when he came back from work did we finally know the news.endprint
4. Only you can understand me.
Only you can understand me.
第二,翻译成汉语
Only yesterday did his father tell him the truth, which was a big surprise to him.
昨天他父亲才把真相告诉他,这对他真是个令人吃惊的消息。
Only by shouting was he able to make people on the other side of the river hear him.
他只有靠大声喊才能使河对岸的人们听到他的声音。
Only when we make more effort, can we catch up with others.
只有我们加倍的努力,我们才能赶上别人。
三、重视对课文段落的改写
改写是在保持原文主体内容不变的基础上,改变文章的体裁、人称、语言、结构等方面。是一种广泛采用的语言教学策略。
《课标》要求教师要善于结合教学实际的需要,灵活地和有创造性地使用教材,要求学生能根据课文改编短剧或根据所读文章进行转述。而对于基础相对薄弱的农村学生来说,改写课文段落中的人称,可提高学习的趣味性和表达能力,从简单的语言输入到输出,表达自己的想法。
例如,在学习了Unit5 Reading ELASSTORY后,要求学生根据自己的实际改写第一段的内容,可引导学生以不同的人称角度去改写。如原文是:
My name is Elias. I am a poor black worker in South Africa. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. I was twelve years old. It was in 1952 and Mandel was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. He offered guidance to poor black people on their legal problems. He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
老师可以先以自己为例子改写:
My name is Qiu Yang. I am a poor fat teacher in Sidu Middle school .The time when I first met Mr.Wu was a very difficult period of my life. I was 26 years old. It was in 2011 and he is the PE teacher in our grade to whom I went for advice. He offered guidance to poor fat people on their weight problem. He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
因为写的是自己向本班的体育老师求教减肥方面的事,有点自嘲的意思,学生会觉得很有趣,也想把跟自己有关的人和事编进课文里。而且只改变文章中的人称,学生觉得有章可循,较容易完成,能够获得成就感,激发他们改写的热情。
学生大部分都写关于自己好朋友或者老师,下面举一个学生写的例子:
My name is Shen Bingbing. I am a poor student in Sidu Middle school. The time when I first met Miss Qiu was a very difficult period of my life. I was 16 years old. It was in 2014 and he is the English teacher in our class to whom I went for advice. She offered guidance to poor students on their English-learning problem. She was generous with her time, for which I was grateful.
教师可以鼓励学生用本单元33页Warming up 中出现的描写伟人品质的词来替换文章中的“poor black”,让学生把这些词跟身边的人联系在一起,通过简单的运用,更好的记住单词的中文意思。虽然只改写一段中的人称和一些形容词,但结合本班学生的英语水平,在实际教学过程中,布置成家庭书面作业,让学生回去写,第二天当成课前的duty report 在全班同学面前朗读。这不仅降低难度,而且通过改写,反复的朗读操练,强化学生对里面的知识点的掌握。通过对课文局部的改写,不仅加深了学生对课文的理解,既能使学生巩固已学的课本知识,也能避免学生在写作中常犯的习惯用汉语思维,然后再逐字逐句翻译成英语的通病,而造出了汉式英语。通过大量的改写,有意识的用英语的思维模式去表达。
四、结语
教师立足教材,通过让学生诵读,翻译,强化句型结构,改写,启发诱导学生进行写作训练。对课文中的重点句子进行结构分析,监督学生经常诵读,增强语感,加强句型教学。对于翻译和改写,充分利用教材中巩固语言的练习,在纠正错误的同时,鼓励他们利用各种句子进行一意多种表达的训练。教师对学生的翻译和改写练习,不能因为批改的艰难而放弃写作,而要及时批改,纠正错误,并进行适当的分析和评价和鼓励,这样不仅能从简单的句子着手,激发写作兴趣,扩大学生的词汇量,同时使学生掌握正确的英文句法,培养学生的语言组织表达的能力,为更高层次的写作训练打好基础。让学生多次感受语言、模仿语言、内化语言,最终写出自己的文章,达到现代英语课标所提出的要求和教学目标。
参考文献:
[1]普通高中课程标准试验教科书 英语必修1[M].人民教育出版社.
[2]全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准(实验稿)[M].北京师范大学出版社.endprint
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