时间:2024-05-13
吕燕妮 付龙生 胥甜甜 周芸 赖敏芳 宋小玲 陈瑾
[摘要] 目的 本研究旨在評估发生医院获得性感染(hospital-acquired infection,HAI)的风险因素及其对患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析南昌大学第一附属医院2019年1月至2021年12月入院接受康复治疗的脑损伤患者401例,分为HAI组和无感染组,单因素和多因素分析对比两组患者的特征信息,分析HAI的风险因素,并以患者住院时间、神经功能和生活指数为指标,评价HAI对患者预后的影响。结果 HAI者53例,平均年龄(56.68±16.29)岁,无感染者348例,平均年龄(48.06±16.19)岁。单因素回归分析后提示年龄>65岁、男性、心脏疾病、肾功能不全、糖尿病、气管切开、机械通气、抗菌药物治疗在HAI组和无感染组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素回归分析提示年龄>65岁、气管切开、机械通气是HAI的风险因素。HAI组患者住院时间比无感染组略长,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HAI组神经功能损害、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)、改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评分高于无感染组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 脑卒中患者入院接受康复治疗时,可能发生HAI,应注意侵袭性操作,并加强患者的康复治疗,避免HAI带来的不良预后。
[关键词] 医院获得性感染;脑损伤;康复;风险因素;预后分析
[中图分类号] R735.37 [文献标识码] A [DOI] 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.24.019
Risk factors and prognosis of hospital-acquired infection in patients received rehabilitation after brain injury
LYU Yanni1, FU Longsheng1, XU Tiantian1, ZHOU Yun2, LAI Minfang1, SONG Xiaoling1, CHEN Jin3
1.Deparment of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; 2.Department of Infection Control, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; 3.Deparment of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
[Abstract] Objective Patients with brain injury are often hospitalized for rehabilitation treatment, but there exists a risk of hospital-acquired infection (HAI). The research aims to evaluate the risk factors of hospital acquired infection and its impact on the prognosis of patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 401 patients with brain injury who were hospitalized for rehabilitation treatment from January 2019 to December 2021 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. The patients were divided into two groups: HAI group and non-infected group. The characteristics of the two groups were compared by univariate and multivariate analysis, while the risk factors of HAI were analyzed. Also, the influence of HAI on the prognosis of the patients was evaluated via the indexes of length of hospital stay, neurological function, and life index of the patients. Results There were 53 patients with HAI, mean age (56.68±16.29) years and 348 patients with none-hospital acquired infection, mean age (48.06±16.19) years. Univariate regression analysis showed that the indicates with age >65 years old, male, heart disease, renal dysfunction, diabetes, tracheotomy, mechanical ventilation, and antimicrobial therapy had significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis suggested that age >65 years old, tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation were risk factors for hospital-acquired infected patients with brain injury after rehabilitation. The hospital stay of patients with HAI was slightly longer, but there was no significant difference (P>0.05) with non-infection group. Neurological impairment, Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) and modified Rankin scale (mRS) of HAI group were higher than those non-infected group, and there exsit a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion HAI may occur when patients with brain injury hospitalized for rehabilitation treatment. It should be paid attention that the invasive operation and the strengthened rehabilitation treatment, avoiding the adverse prognosis caused by HAI.
[Key words] Hospital-acquired infection; Brain injury; Rehabilitation; Risk factors; Prognostic analysis
医院获得性感染(hospital-acquired infection,HAI)是患者住院期间常见的感染,发生率为15%~20%,是仅次于尿路感染的第二大医院感染类型,是导致患者发生医院不良事件的原因之一[1-2]。已有研究对HAI发生的危险因素进行报道,包括机械通气>48h、住院时间长、患有基础疾病等[3]。脑梗死患者是发生HAI的高危人群,严重脑损伤患者的HAI发生率更高,约为60%[4-8]。脑损伤患者受不同程度的神经功能或非神经功能损伤,康复治疗对于患者恢复神经功能或非神经功能损伤都有益处,因而脑损伤患者接受康复治疗的概率较大[9]。然而脑损伤患者接受康复治疗时,具有较多的HAI风险因素[10]。本研究回顾性分析脑损伤患者HAI发生的风险因素及预后,为脑损伤患者预防康复治疗期间的感染提供依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年12月南昌大学第一附属医院康复科病例,纳入标准:①患者脑损伤后首次接受康复治疗;②入院时不存在感染,也不处于感染潜伏期。排除标准:①入院时已存在感染;②不符合HAI诊断的患者(HAI的诊断标准为无明确潜伏期的感染,入院48h后在医院内发生的感染)。最终401例患者符合纳入标准。将患者分为两组:HAI组53例和无感染组348例,本研究经南昌大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会审批(伦理审批号:2021临伦审第232号)。
1.2 信息收集
收集患者基本信息,如年齡、性别、基础疾病、侵袭性操作、药物治疗、病原菌等,比较两组患者的认知功能和神经功能等参数,具体指标:住院天数、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)、汉密顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)、Barthel指数和改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)等。
1.3 统计学方法
采用R4.2.3统计学软件对数据进行处理分析,计数资料以例数(百分率)[n(%)]表示,计量资料采用均数±标准差()表示。使用单因素或多因素Logistic回归计算两组间指标的优势比(odds ratio,OR)和95%CI,用于分析指标和HAI间的关联,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者的特征信息比较
HAI组患者53例,平均年龄(56.68±16.29)岁;无感染组患者348例,平均年龄(48.06±16.19)岁,两组患者平均年龄比较,差异无统计学意义(OR=5.489,95%CI:0.458~0.965,P=0.122)。将患者年龄分为18~40、41~64和>65岁3个层次,单因素回归分析后提示男性和年龄>65岁在两组间存在显著性差异。此外,基础疾病中心脏疾病、肾功能不全、糖尿病,侵袭性操作中气管切开、机械通气,药物治疗中给予抗菌药物,在两组间差异有统计学意义。从HAI组患者痰组织中分离出的病原菌有革兰阳性杆菌和革兰阴性杆菌,排名前3位的病原菌:鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌(表1)。
2.2 HAI的风险因素分析
单因素回归分析提示年龄>65岁、男性、心脏疾病、肾功能不全、糖尿病、气管切开、机械通气,抗菌药物治疗8项因素在两组间差异有统计学意义;经多因素回归分析提示,年龄>65岁、气管切开、机械通气为HAI的风险因素(表2)。
2.3 神经功能和预后指标比较
HAI组患者平均住院(23.13±13.98)d,无感染组患者平均住院(21.90±8.52)d,两组差异无统计学意义;HAI组的NIHSS和HAMD评分高于无感染组(P<0.001);HAI组的mRS评分高于无感染组(P<0.001);两组间的Barthel指数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3。
3 讨论
据文献报道,HAI在不同病房中的发生率不同,重症监护病房发生率为17%~50%,神经内科病房发生率为3.9%~44.0%,康复病房发生率为3.2%~11.0%,重症颅脑损伤的强化康复病房发生率为12%[11-12]。本研究中,脑损伤后首次接受康复治疗患者HAI的发生率仅为13.22%,低于文献报道[13]。
本研究结果提示年龄>65岁,在HAI组和无感染组之间差异有统计学意义,这与文献报道一致[14]。另外,气管切开和机械通气是脑损伤患者康复治疗过程中发生感染的风险因素[11,15];机械通气等保护性肺通气操作,虽然对防止感染有一定益处,但随着住院时间延长感染风险增加[11]。
腦损伤后抑郁症是常见的心理健康问题,且常伴随有运动障碍和认知缺陷[12]。本研究中,两组患者的NIHSS、HAMD、mRS评分差异有统计学意义,提示HAI对脑损伤康复患者有一定影响[16]。本研究纳入的样本量较小,期望后续通过多中心和大样本量研究验证本研究的结果。
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(收稿日期:2022–10–15)
(修回日期:2023–08–18)
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