时间:2024-05-15
付庆 秦新月
[摘要]近年来,随着对脑白质病变的深入研究,先进的影像学及生物化学检测方法被采用,脑白质病变的检出率得到了提升,预防和治疗取得了进展。缺血性脑白质病变是一种放射学的定义,描述在脑室旁、半卵圆中心的斑点状或斑片状CT低密度而颅脑磁共振的T2加权像及液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)均表现为高信号的病变。缺血性脑白质病变在老年人中的患病率高,并增加2倍痴呆及3倍脑卒中的风险,且随着社会的持续老龄化而造成更沉重的负担。本文就缺血性脑白质病变的诊治进展作一综述。
[关键词]缺血性脑白质病变;影像;诊断;治疗
[Abstract] Recently, with intensive studies of white matter lesions and development of imaging and biochemical detection techniques, the detection rate, prevention and treatment methods of white matter lesions have been remarkably improved. Ischemic white matter lesions are a neuroimaging definition and indicated by low-density spotted or patchy near the periventricular white matter and semi-oval center on CT images and hyperintensities on T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Ischemic white matter lesions have a higher prevalence in the elderly and multiply double the risk of dementia and triple stroke, which result in heavy social burden as the aging of the population. This article reviews the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic white matter lesions.
[Key words] Ischemic white matter lesions; Imaging; Diagnosis; Treatment
脑白质病变也称脑白质损伤、脑白质疏松症,由加拿大神经学家Hachinski等[1]于1987年提出。脑白质病变被建议特指由缺血引起的白质病变,是脑小血管疾病的一种[2]。缺血性脑白质病变的病理基础为神经元远端的华勒变性、少突胶质细胞损伤、星形胶质细胞增生。缺血性脑白质病变根据有无卒中史可分为卒中后脑白质病变和慢性缺血性脑白质病变;根据发病部位不同可分为脑室旁白质病变和皮质下白质病变,两者也可同时出现在同一患者[3]。缺血性脑白质病变在老年人中患病率高,可增加痴呆及脑卒中的风险,并可引起认知功能障碍、步态异常、头晕、排尿障碍等症状,造成严重的社会、经济负担。随着社会的进步及影像学的发展,缺血性脑白质病变的检出率明显增高,有必要进一步探讨缺血性脑白质病变的早期诊断和临床干预。近期国外多项纵向研究表明,缺血性脑白质病变范围可通过积极的医疗干预而减少[4-5]。本文就缺血性脑白质病变的诊断及治疗进展进行综述。
1缺血性脑白质病变的诊断
1.1磁共振对白质病变的早期诊断
作为一种影像学定义的疾病,脑白质病变的诊断主要靠对头颅磁共振的T2加权像及液体衰减反转恢复序列(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)序列进行评估。缺血性脑白质病变实际上代表了更广泛、更细微的白质变化的病灶,而不仅仅是T2及FLAIR序列轮廓分明的解剖异常。研究表明,弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)对缺血性脑白质病变更加敏感,能够显示T2及FLAIR序列未能发现的异常白质信号[6]。DTI与脑白质病变患者执行功能之间的相关性高,并且对脑白质病变的变化更敏感。与脑白质病变体积相比,DTI上的变化与认知的相关性更好,因此DTI被推荐作为缺血性脑白质病变的诊断[7-8]。扩散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)在量化高斯扩散的偏差方面比DTI更敏感,由于这种偏差是组织微结构对水扩散曲线影响的结果,因此DKI对组织微结构的敏感性高于DTI[9]。基于DKI的脑白质病变显微结构指标与组织学和电子显微镜相比较,表明DKI具有更好的显微结构变化一致性[10-11]。N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)是一种通过磁共振波谱(MRS)测量的代谢物,主要存在于神经元细胞中,神经元及其轴突的损伤或功能障碍与NAA的减少有关,研究表明缺血性脑白质病变部位NAA水平下降[12]。Firbank等[13]通过MRS和弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)评估60例无神经系统疾病迹象的脑白质特征后发现,表观扩散系数与脑白质病变的总体积之间存在相关性,NAA/肌酸、NAA/胆碱的比值也与脑白质病变体积显著相关。
1.2缺血性脑白质病变的评分
通常使用视觉评定量表评估脑白质的严重程度。Fazekas量表通过将脑室旁和深部白质病变分开评分,两部分的分数相加计算总分[14]。改良Scheltens量表对基底节和幕下病变,脑室旁和深部病变分开评分[15]。年龄相关脑白质改变(age-related white matter changes,ARWMC)量表从额叶区、顶-枕叶区、颞叶区、幕下区以及基底节区等5个不同的区域在左、右侧半球分别评分[16]。Ylikoski量表,将脑室旁和深部白质分开评分,白质病变分布在4个区域:额角、側脑室体、三角区和枕角,每个半球分开评分。将脑室旁白质分数和半卵圆中心高信号分数相加计算总分[17]。魏娜等[18]对四种量表进行信度研究表明ARWMC量表的内部一致性和评定者间信度较好,但其项目定义较为模糊,评定时较为费时;Fazekas量表是最省时、信度效度较好的量表,但由于其项目简单,因此缺乏对纵向观察脑白质病变的进展的指导意义;改良Scheltens量表信度效度较好但评估较为费时,适合纵向观察脑白质病变的进展;Ylikoski量表的内部一致性信度高,适用于多中心研究。Van等[19]对比体积测量法与视觉Scheltens量表对脑白质病变进行了评估,结果显示,体积测量法的可靠性、灵敏度明显优于视觉量表评估。
1.3缺血性脑白质病变的生化标志物
脑白质病变的诊断主要依赖于影像检查,近期研究发现,生化标志物对于脑白质病变也有辅助诊断意义[20]。对于脑小血管疾病的患者,低分子量神经丝标记(NF-L)、基质金属蛋白酶-9、金属蛋白酶-1的组织抑制剂、基质金属蛋白酶-2指数和脑脊液清蛋白与血浆清蛋白比率均升高。测量细胞间粘附分子-1、血栓调节素、组织因子(TF)和组织因子途径抑制剂(TFPI)的循环水平,发现缺血性脑白质病变患者TFPI的水平较低,TF/TFPI的比率较高。血栓调节蛋白水平与腔隙性脑梗死数目及脑白质病变程度相关[21]。循环的外周炎性标志物如C反应蛋白和白介素-6与脑白质病变相关,表明脑白质病变中可能涉及炎症途径[22],但由于特异性较差,临床意义有限。
2缺血性脑白质病变的生活方式干预与治疗
2.1生活方式干预
吸烟与缺血性脑白质病变有关,戒烟能延缓缺血性脑白质病变进展[23-24]。每周两次体能训练对脑白质有保护作用[25]。饮食和营养的观察性队列研究表明,食用地中海饮食的受试者脑白质病变体积较小[26]。血浆中较高的omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸的受试者脑白质病变程度更低,执行功能下降更慢。Espeland等[27]对超重和肥胖的2型糖尿病成年人进行了为期10年的体育锻炼和饮食调节干预措施,结果显示,生活方式干预组的脑白质病变体积明显低于对照组。在《阿尔茨海默氏病研究中的血管护理评估》中,随机接受综合干预的患者缺血性脑白质病变的进展更慢[28]。
2.2药物治疗
高血压是缺血性脑白质病变的主要危险因素,服用降压药并控制血压的受试者患严重脑白质病变的风险降低[29-30]。培哚普利预防复发性脑卒中(中风)研究试验中,用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)治疗超过36个月可减少脑白质病变的数量与体积[31]。与ACEI相比,血管紧张素受体阻滞剂的治疗与较小的脑白质病变体积相关[32]。一项由强化血管试验进行的痴呆症预防的磁共振研究表明,基线脑白质病变重的亚组治疗效果更好,但是强化降压对脑白质病变的进展没有总体影响[33]。降脂药的使用能减缓脑白质病变的进展,中年时期高密度脂蛋白水平较低的受试者晚年脑白质病变更为严重[34]。也有研究表明,高脂血症的患者脑白质病变相对较轻,考虑高脂血症的患者长期使用他汀类药物的缘故[35]。缺血性脑白质病变与血脂的关系有待进一步研究。ASPREE-NEURO研究评估一年中每天服用100 mg阿司匹林与安慰剂比较,观察阿司匹林对脑白质病变程度的影响,阿司匹林可通过抑制环氧合酶来阻止血小板活化、阻止血栓烷的生成,从而减少内皮损伤;此外阿司匹林抑制基质金属蛋白酶活性减轻脑白质损伤[36-37]。尽管糖尿病是脑卒中和冠心病的重要危险因素,但大多数基于社区的横断面研究未能发现糖尿病与脑白质病变之间存在关联[38]。在赫尔辛基老龄化脑研究中,缺血性脑白质病变与糖尿病患者中相对年轻(<75岁)的受试者的相关,而与年龄较大(≥75岁)的受试者无关。此外,高同型半胱氨酸水平与脑白质病变相关[39],Rho激酶抑制剂(如法舒地尔)可通过增加脑组织血流量、促進神经网络修复等方式改善大鼠的缺血性白质损害[40]。
Durand-Birchenall等[41]报道了1例69岁左内囊后肢急性梗死的男性患者,对比卒中后5 d与6个月的磁共振随访结果,结果表明,脑白质的体积由9184 mm3下降至4527 mm3。Moriya等[42]报道了一例78岁的女性患者,其右侧枕叶发生了急性脑梗死,1年后进行的脑部MRI显示,半卵圆中心的脑白质病变面积减少。以上研究均表明缺血性脑白质病变并非既往认为的属于完全不可逆疾病,通过对危险因素进行干预,仍可能出现缺血性脑白质病变的改善。
2.3手术干预
颈动脉狭窄被证明与缺血性脑白质病变显着相关[43]。而且随着狭窄程度的增加,脑白质病变的程度更重[44]。Yamada等[45]报道了1例75岁的男性患者因反复左上肢肌无力考虑为颈内动脉狭窄引起的短暂性脑缺血发作,在右颈动脉支架置入术后1周观察到缺血性脑白质病变的部分逆转。证明解除颈内动脉狭窄有可能促进缺血性脑白质病变的改善。但该研究为个案报道,尚无大样本多中心的前瞻性研究进一步证明这一结论。
2.4康复训练
缺血性脑白质病变与老年人的平衡,步态功能障碍有关,控制平衡能力下降增加跌倒风险[46]。因此,静态和动态平衡训练计划是缺血性脑白质病变患者康复中的重要组成部分。多种康复方式可用于改善平衡,如核心力量练习、视觉反馈训练和任务相关训练[47-48]。同时,视觉反馈训练的使用增加了患者的动力、趣味性,并根据患者的当前状况个性化制定运动难度[49-50]。此外经颅磁刺激也能改善患者的步态和平衡[51]。
3小结
缺血性脑白质病变发病率高,对缺血性脑白质病变的早期诊断和治疗有助于减缓脑白质损伤而造成的潜在危害。DTI、DKI、MRS等影像序列有助于脑白质病变发的早期诊断,血清学标志物对脑白质病变的诊断有一定的价值。除对危险因素干预以外,脑白质病变的患者可以通过解除颈动脉狭窄以及康复治疗获益。
[参考文献]
[1]Hachinski VC,Potter P,Merskey H.Leuko-araiosis[J].Arch Neurol,1987,44(1):21-23.
[2]Wardlaw JM,Smith EE,Biessels GJ,et al.Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration[J].Lancet Neurol,2013,12(8):822-838.
[3]高陽.缺血性脑白质病变[J].脑与神经疾病杂志,2011,19(6):473-476.
[4]Wardlaw JM,Chappell FM,Valdés Hernández MDC,et al.White matter hyperintensity reduction and outcomes after minor stroke[J].Neurology,2017,89(10):1003-1010.
[5]Van Leijsen EMC,Van Uden IWM,Ghafoorian M,et al.Nonlinear temporal dynamics of cerebral small vessel disease:the RUN DMC study[J].Neurology,2017,89(15):1569-1577.
[6]Williams OA,Zeestraten EA,Benjamin P,et al.Predicting dementia in cerebral small vessel disease using an automatic diffusion tensor image segmentation technique[J].Stroke,2019,50(10):2775-2782.
[7]Jiang H,Liu H,He H,et al.Specific white matter lesions related to motor dysfunction in spastic cerebral palsy:A Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies[J].J Child Neurol,2020,35(2):146-154.
[8]Croall ID,Lohner V,Moynihan B,et al.Using DTI to assess white matter microstructure in cerebral small vessel disease(SVD)in multicentre studies[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2017,131(12):1361-1373.
[9]Hansen B,Khan AR,Shemesh N,et al.White matter biomarkers from fast protocols using axially symmetric diffusion kurtosis imaging[J].NMR Biomed,2017,13(1):e3741-e3746.
[10]Zhu LH,Zhang ZP,Wang FN,et al.Diffusion kurtosis imaging of microstructural changes in brain tissue affected by acute ischemic stroke in different locations[J].Neural Regen Res,2019,14(2):272-279.
[11]Jensen JH,Mckinnon ET,Glenn GR,et al.Evaluating kurtosis-based diffusion MRI tissue models for white matter with fiber ball imaging[J].NMR Biomed,2017,30(5):e3689-e3693.
[12]Lee P,Adany P,Choi IY.Imaging based magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) localization for quantitative neurochemical analysis and cerebral metabolism studies[J].Anal Biochem,2017,529:40-47.
[13]Firbank MJ,Minett T,O′Brien JT.Changes in DWI and MRS associated with white matter hyperintensities in elderly subjects[J].Neurology,2003,61(7):950-954.
[14]Kongbunkiat K,Wilson D,Kasemsap N,et al.Leukoaraiosis,intracerebral hemorrhage,and functional outcome after acute stroke thrombolysis[J].Neurology,2017,88(7):638-645.
[15]Scheltens P,Barkhof F,Leys D,et al.A semiquantative rating scale for the assessment of signal hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging[J].J Neurol Sci,1993,114(1):7-12.
[16]Wahlund LO,Barkhof F,Fazekas F,et al.A new rating scale for age-related white matter changes applicable to MRI and CT[J].Stroke,2001,32(6):1318-1322.
[17]Ylikoski R.White matter changes in health elderly persons correlate with attention and speed of mental processing[J].Arch Neurol,1993,50(8):818-823.
[18]魏娜,王擁军,张玉梅.脑白质病变4个分级量表的信度研究[J].中国康复理论与实践,2012,18(6):562-565.
[19]Van den Heuvel DM,Ten Dam VH, De Craen AJ,et al.Measuring longitudinal white matter changes:Comparison of a visual rating scale with a volumetric measurement[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2006,27(4):875-878.
[20]Wallin A,Kapaki E,Boban M,et al.Biochemical markers in vascular cognitive impairment associated with subcortical small vessel disease-A consensus report[J].BMC Neurol,2017,17(1):75-82.
[21]Alber J,Alladi S,Bae HJ,et al.White matter hyperintensities in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID):Knowledge gaps and opportunities[J].Alzheimers Dement(N Y) 2019,5(2):107-117.
[22]Swardfager W,Yu D,Ramirez J,et al.Peripheral inflammatory markers indicate microstructural damage within periventricular white matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer′s disease:A preliminary report[J].Alzheimers Dement(Amst),2017,7(2):56-60.
[23]王祥翔,柴湘婷.缺血性脑白质病变的临床特征与危险因素分析[J].实用临床医学,2019,20(4):10-14,47.
[24]董卫青.老年缺血性脑白质病变脑微出血的影响因素分析[J].中国药物与临床,2019,19(18):3178-3180.
[25]Herold F,T■rpel A,Schega L,et al.Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements-a systematic review[J].Eur Rev Aging Phys Act,2019,16:10.
[26]Karstens AJ,Tussing-Humphreys L,Zhan L,et al.Associations of the Mediterranean diet with cognitive and neuroimaging phenotypes of dementia in healthy older adults[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2019,109(2):361-368.
[27]Espeland MA,Erickson K,Neiberg RH,et al.Brain and white matter hyperintensity volumes after 10 years of random assignment to lifestyle intervention[J].Diabetes Care,2016,39(5):764-771.
[28]Richard E,Gouw A A,Scheltens P,et al.Vascular care in patients with Alzheimer disease with cerebrovascular lesions slows progression of white matter lesions on MRI:the evaluation of vascular care in Alzheimer′s disease(EVA)study[J].Stroke,2010,41(3):554-560.
[29]Chen X,Zhu Y,Geng S,et al.Association of blood pressure variability and intima-media thickness with white matter hyperintensities in hypertensive patients[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2019,11:192.
[30]De Havenon A,Prabhakaran S,Turan T,et al.Is there equipoise regarding the optimal medical treatment of patients with asymptomatic white matter hyperintensities?[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2019,28(11):104 371.
[31]Dufouil C,Chalmers J,Coskun O,et al.Effects of blood pressure lowering on cerebral white matter hyperintensities in patients with stroke:the PROGRESS(Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study)Magnetic Resonance Imaging Substudy[J].Circulation,2009,112(11):1644-1650.
[32]Edwards JD,Ramirez J,Callahan BL,et al.Antihypertensive treatment is associated with MRI-derived markers of neurodegeneration and impaired cognition:A propensity-weighted cohort study[J].J Alzheimers Dis,2017,59(3):1113-1122.
[33]Moll van Charante EP,Richard E,Eurelings LS,et al.Effectiveness of a 6-year multidomain vascular care intervention to prevent dementia(preDIVA):a cluster-randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2016,388(10046):797-805.
[34]Vuorinen M,Solomon A,Rovio S,et al.Changes in vascular risk factors from midlife to late life and white matter lesions:a 20-year follow-up study[J].Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord,2011,31(2):119-125.
[35]Jimenez-Conde J,Biffi A,Rahman R,et al.Hyperlipidemia and reduced white matter hyperintensity volume in patients with ischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2010,41(3):437-442.
[36]Ward SA,Raniga P,Ferris NJ,et al.ASPREE-NEURO study protocol:A randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of low-dose aspirin on cerebral microbleeds,white matter hyperintensities,cognition,and stroke in the healthy elderly[J].Int J Stroke,2017,12:108-113.
[37]Holcombe A,Ammann E,Espeland MA,et al.Chronic use of Aspirin and total white matter lesion volume:Results from the Women′s Health Initiative Memory Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2017,26(10):2128-2136.
[38]Liao D,Cooper L,Cai J,et al.The prevalence and severity of white matter lesions,their relationship with age,ethnicity,gender,and cardiovascular disease risk factors:the ARIC Study[J].Neuroepidemiology,1997,16(3):149-162.
[39]Vermeer SE,van Dijk EJ,Koudstaal PJ,et al.Homocysteine,silent brain infarcts,and white matter lesions:The Rotterdam Scan Study[J].Ann Neurol,2002,51(3):285-289.
[40]Rikitake Y,Kim HH,Huang Z,et al.Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) leads to increased cerebral blood flow and stroke protection[J].Stroke,2005,36(10):2251-2257.
[41]Durand-Birchenall J,Leclercq C,Daouk J,et al.Attenuation of brain white matter lesions after lacunar stroke[J].Int J Prev Med,2012,3(2):134-138.
[42]Moriya Y,Kozaki K,Nagai K,et al.Attenuation of brain white matter hyperintensities after cerebral infarction[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2009,30(3):E43.
[43]Francesco M,Enrico A,Rocca MA,et al.Cardiovascular disease and brain health:Focus on white matter hyperintensities[J].Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc,2018,19(1):63-69.
[44]張俊霞,张蓉,侯倩.颈内动脉狭窄对脑卒中患者脑白质病变及认知水平影响的研究[J].中国现代医学杂志,2018, 28(1):99-102.
[45]Yamada K,Sakai K,Owada K,et al.Cerebral white matter lesions may be partially reversible in patients with carotid artery stenosis[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2010,31(7):1350-1352.
[46]王茹,刘楠,王少朋,等.脑小血管病患者步态障碍、平衡障碍和跌倒研究进展[J].中国现代神经疾病杂志,2019, 19(4):281-285.
[47]You H,Zhang H,Liu J,et al.Effect of balance training with Pro-kin System on balance in patients with white matter lesions[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2017,96(51):e9057.
[48]Thielman G.Insights into upper limb kinematics and trunk control one year after task-related training in chronic post-stroke individuals[J].J Hand Ther,2013,26(2):156-161.
[49]Ha SY,Kim SY,Sung YH.Effects of visual feedback training using transient Fresnel prism glasses on balance ability in stroke patients without hemispatial neglect[J].J Exerc Rehabil,2019,15(5):683-687.
[50]Mazzini NA,Almeida MGR,Pompeu JE,et al.A combination of multimodal physical exercises in real and virtual environments for individuals after chronic stroke:study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Trials,2019, 20(1):436.
[51]De Paz RH,Serrano-Munoz D,Pérez-Nombela S,et al.Combining transcranial direct-current stimulation with gait training in patients with neurological disorders:a systematic review[J].J Neuroeng Rehabil,2019,16(1):114.
(收稿日期:2020-01-14 本文編辑:任秀兰)
我们致力于保护作者版权,注重分享,被刊用文章因无法核实真实出处,未能及时与作者取得联系,或有版权异议的,请联系管理员,我们会立即处理! 部分文章是来自各大过期杂志,内容仅供学习参考,不准确地方联系删除处理!