时间:2024-05-24
王 芳,程宏波,李 瑞,柴雨葳,陈玉章,常 磊,黄彩霞,柴守玺
(1.甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州 730070;2.甘肃农业大学生命科学与技术学院,甘肃兰州 730070; 3.甘肃农业大学工学院,甘肃兰州 730070)
秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量的影响
王 芳1,程宏波2,李 瑞1,柴雨葳1,陈玉章1,常 磊1,黄彩霞3,柴守玺1
(1.甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州 730070;2.甘肃农业大学生命科学与技术学院,甘肃兰州 730070; 3.甘肃农业大学工学院,甘肃兰州 730070)
为了解小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培的效果,以冬小麦兰天26号为研究对象,分析了秸秆带状覆盖3行(SC1)、秸秆带状覆盖4行(SC2)、全膜覆土穴播(PC)和无覆盖露地(CK)下旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖可显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量,穗数、穗粒数和产量较CK分别增加13.4%~20.2%、26.7%~33.3%和41.3%~69.1%,但秸秆带状覆盖与PC间产量差异不显著。秸秆带状覆盖显著降低了全生育期0~25 cm土壤平均温度,土温较CK低1.4~2.0 ℃;随着生育进程的推进和土层的加深,秸秆带状覆盖表现出增温和降温的“双重效应”,SC1在返青期5 cm土层和拔节期5和10 cm土层增温,SC2在越冬期5和10 cm土层及拔节期5 cm土层增温,其余各时期各土层秸秆带状覆盖均表现出降温效应,且总体上降温效应大于增温效应;秸秆带状覆盖较PC和CK减小全生育期土壤日变化幅度;SC1、SC2的全生育期有效积温较CK分别减少86.6和69.8 ℃,使得秸秆带状覆盖下冬小麦较CK晚熟15 d。从环保和可持续发展等方面综合考虑,秸秆带状覆盖较全膜覆土穴播在西北旱作区更具优越性。
旱地;冬小麦;秸秆带状覆盖;土壤温度;产量
黄土高原干旱半干旱区是我国冬小麦的重要产区之一[1],该区为典型的雨养农业区,降水少且时空分布不均,全年降水的60%~70%主要集中在每年的7-9月份,而冬小麦生育期降水仅有30%~40%[2-4],加之早春低温的影响[5-6],严重限制该区冬小麦生产。近年来由于气候变化的不稳定性,冷暖突变剧烈,倒春寒和高温干旱气候频发,对冬小麦的生长发育存在潜在的威胁[7],因而探求调温稳温和有效集雨保墒的栽培方式是该区冬小麦稳产高产和农业可持续发展的关键。
就目前而言,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖是两种重要的覆盖栽培方式,两者均可提高土壤蓄水能力,增加作物产量,在农业生产中发挥了重要作用[8-9]。虽然地膜覆盖在旱区应用广泛,增产效果明显,增温保墒效果显著,但其逐年的使用容易使表层土壤有机质加速降解,降低土壤肥力,加剧水土流失[10-11],甚至引起作物早衰等,不利作物高产[12-13]。秸秆覆盖可以抑制株间蒸发,改善土壤水分状况,提高作物产量和水分利用效率,同时可以培肥地力[14-15],是作物秸秆资源再利用的有效途径之一。乔海龙等[16]的模拟试验表明,秸秆覆盖可以降低耕层土壤盐分的累积,使过高土壤盐分对小麦生长的抑制作用得以减轻,降低了冬小麦返青拔节期死苗率,进而保证了小麦的正常生长。有研究发现,秸秆覆盖后,冬小麦生长发育中后期耕层土壤温度明显降低,成熟期高温的危害减轻,灌浆持续期和成熟期延长;覆盖处理的株高、单株干重、穗重、叶绿素含量、根系活力等均高于未覆盖处理,进而增加产量[17-22]。武 际等[23]研究表明,秸秆覆盖处理的小麦产量比未覆盖处理可提高5.47%~9.77%。
地面覆盖秸秆在一定程度上可以改善农田下垫面的物理化学性质和能量平衡,使农田土壤水、肥、气、热条件及农田小气候发生较大变化,从而对作物生长发育、光合生理、产量等的影响较大[24-26]。秸秆覆盖具有低温季节增温、高温季节降温的双重效应[27-29]。陈素英等[30]研究表明,玉米秸秆覆盖后,麦田冬季0~10 cm土壤温度3年平均日增加0.3~0.58 ℃,但春季降温效应明显,较露地日降低0.42~0.65 ℃。由于西北地区积温不足,常规的全地面秸秆覆盖降低地温,影响保全苗,延缓生育,增产不显著,有时导致减产。秸秆全地面均匀覆盖受外界因素的影响较大,如果该年春季气温回升较慢,秸秆覆盖往往致使地温回升更慢,冬小麦的返青期与不覆盖相比推迟,影响冬小麦的产量,加之地形与机械水平的限制和风速、风向等的影响,秸秆覆盖技术尚处于初步探索阶段[31]。
秸秆带状覆盖[32]是一种局部覆盖、抗旱保墒的旱作覆盖栽培新技术,该技术分秸秆覆盖带和种植带,两带相间排列,有效解决了秸秆全覆盖因积温不足导致作物出苗不全和黄苗的现象。目前,对该技术的研究主要集中在土壤水分、作物生长生理特性和产量等方面[33-35],对温度方面的研究较少。本试验研究了半干旱雨养农业区秸秆带状覆盖栽培对冬小麦土壤温度、产量的影响,以期为该技术的推广应用提供科学的理论依据和技术指导。
1.1 试验区概况
试验于2015年9月至2016年7月在甘肃省通渭县旱作循环农业试验示范基地进行,该区域为西北黄土高原典型的雨养农业区,属温带半湿润半干旱性季风气候,土壤为黄绵土,海拔1 760 m,年均温6.6 ℃,无霜期120~170 d,年蒸发量>1 500 mm,年均降水量380.2 mm,且主要集中于7-9月份。试验年度冬小麦生育期总降水量353.5 mm,≥5 mm有效降水为243.2 mm。
1.2 试验设计
试验设秸秆带状覆盖3行(SC1)、秸秆带状覆盖4行(SC2)、全膜覆土穴播(PC)和无覆盖露地对照(CK)4个处理,采用随机区组设计,3次重复, SC1、SC2小区面积为400 m2(10 m×40 m),PC、CK小区面积为88 m2(2.2 m×40 m)。
秸秆带状覆盖3行(SC1):小麦播种3行,行距17 cm,播种带宽34 cm,覆盖带宽51 cm,总幅宽85 cm。播种时预留覆盖带,土壤封冻前,将玉米秸秆整秆放置于预留覆盖带,覆盖量为3 500~4 500株·667 m-2,覆盖时秸秆带与播种带两个边行各留2~5 cm左右间距,以防秸秆压苗。
秸秆带状覆盖4行(SC2):小麦播种4行,行距17 cm,播种带宽51 cm,覆盖带宽49 cm,总幅宽100 cm。其余同SC1。
全膜覆土穴播(PC):采用幅宽120 cm、厚度0.01 mm的高强度地膜,全地面平作覆膜,膜面覆土1 cm,平作穴播小麦,行距17 cm,穴距12 cm。
露地条播(CK):地面无覆盖,平作条播小麦,行距17 cm。
冬小麦供试品种为兰天26号,各处理播种量均为225 kg·hm-2,各小区播前结合旋耕平整土地将纯N 150 kg·hm-2、P2O5120 kg·hm-2作基肥一次性施入,生育期不再追肥。各处理所施氮肥为尿素,磷肥为磷酸二铵。开花后7 d开始进行1~2次“一喷三防”,以防止后期病虫害、干热风和小麦植株早衰。
1.3 试测定项目与方法
1.3.1 土壤温度测定
从越冬期至收获期各小区分5、10、15、20、25 cm共5个土层使用直角地温计分别测定地温。于越冬前期将地温计埋入SC1、PC和CK各小区的行间、SC2各小区中间行间,全生育期均在固定地方读取地温。各生育时期测定均选在干燥晴天进行,分别在早上6:00、中午13:00和傍晚17:00分3次测定,日均温取早、中、晚3次测定平均值。
1.3.2 产量及其三要素测定
在小麦收获前1周,从每小区选3个点测定单位面积穗数,测定面积为1 m2,同时在各小区随机取20株室内考种,按国标方法测定穗粒数、千粒重。成熟后按小区收获,脱粒后晒干称重,计算产量。
1.4 数据处理
数据采用Microsoft Office Excel 2007和SPSS 19.0统计软件进分析,采用LSD和Duncan法进行差异显著性检验。
2.1 秸秆带状覆盖对小麦全生育期0~25 cm土壤平均温度的影响
由图1可知,秸秆带状覆盖下小麦全生育期0~25 cm土壤平均温度显著低于CK和PC,其中SC1、SC2分别较CK低1.78和2.27 ℃,但SC1与SC2间差异不显著。
图柱上字母不同表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。
Different small letters above the columns mean significant difference among treatments at 0.05 level.
图1 不同处理下小麦全生育期0~25 cm土壤平均温度
Fig.1 Mean temperature in 0-25 cm soil during whole wheat growth period under different treatments
2.2 秸秆带状覆盖对小麦不同生育时期0~25 cm土壤平均温度的影响
由图2可知,从越冬期到成熟期,各处理0~25 cm土壤平均温度均随着生育进程的推进呈逐渐升高的趋势。SC1和SC2下小麦各生育时期的0~25 cm土壤平均温度均显著低于CK,且降温幅度均随生育进程推进而增大。其中,SC1的降温幅度表现为越冬期至返青期(0.86~2.06 ℃)<拔节期至开花期(0.77~2.27 ℃)<灌浆初期至成熟期(2.01~2.33 ℃);SC2的降温幅度表现为越冬期至返青期(0.31~1.60 ℃)<拔节期至开花期(1.23~3.20 ℃)<灌浆初期至成熟期(3.05~3.52 ℃)。由此可以看出,秸秆带状覆盖的降温效应在生育后期(灌浆期至成熟期)较为明显。与PC相比,除SC2在越冬期增温外,其余时期秸秆覆盖均表现为降温效应。其中,SC1的降温幅度表现为拔节期至开花期(0.03~1.17 ℃)<越冬期至返青期(0.42~2.19 ℃)<灌浆初期至成熟期(1.93~2.53 ℃);SC2的降温幅度表现为拔节期至开花期(0.48~2.10 ℃)<灌浆初期至成熟期(2.98~3.60 ℃)。PC与CK间各生育时期0~25 cm土层平均温度差异不显著。
处理间土壤温度在整个生育期的变异系数表现为SC1(45.7%)>PC(44.8%)>CK(43.3%)>SC2(43.1%)。由此可见,SC1的土壤温度在生育期中波动较大,而SC2可减缓土壤温度的波动。
WT:越冬期 Wintering; RV:返青期 Revival; JT:拔节期 Jointing; BT:孕穗期 Booting; FL:开花期 Flowering; GF:灌浆期 Grain-filling; DT:蜡熟期 Dough; MT:成熟期 Maturity
图2 不同处理下小麦各生育时期0~25 cm土壤平均温度
Fig.2 Mean soil temperature in 0-25 cm at different wheat growth stages under different treatments
2.3 秸秆带状覆盖对小麦全生育期不同土层平均温度的影响
秸秆带状覆盖可以较CK和PC均降低各土层平均温度,且降温幅度表现为下层土壤(15~25 cm)大于上层土壤(0~10 cm)(图3)。与CK相比,SC1上下层土壤温度分别下降1.20和2.09 ℃,SC2分别下降1.72和2.65 ℃;与PC相比,SC1上下层土壤温度分别下降0.94和1.70 ℃,SC2分别下降0.77和2.25 ℃。PC和CK差异不显著。各处理土壤温度土层间的变异系数(CV)表现为SC2(13.5%)>SC1(13.4%)>PC(10.2%)>CK(8.6%),说明覆盖可加剧土壤温度在土层间的波动,且秸秆带状覆盖尤为明显。
2.4 秸秆带状覆盖对小麦各生育时期不同土层温度时空变化的影响
与CK相比,覆盖在各生育时期对不同土层均具有增温和降温的双重效应,且降温效应大于增温效应(图4)。具体来看,SC1在返青期5 cm土层和拔节期5、10 cm土层分别增温0.57、0.59和0.16 ℃;SC2在越冬期5、10 cm土层和拔节期5 cm土层分别增温0.67、0.94、0.03 ℃,其余各时期各土层秸秆带状覆盖均表现为降温效应。SC1较CK的最大降温幅度出现在灌浆期20 cm土层(3.66 ℃),SC2出现在蜡熟期20 cm土层(3.84 ℃)。
与PC相比,秸秆带状覆盖在越冬期和拔节期具有增温效应。SC1和SC2较PC的最大增温幅度分别出现在拔节期10 cm土层(1.53 ℃)和越冬期10 cm土层(2.32 ℃);其余各时期各土层均表现降温效应,SC1和SC2较PC的最大降温幅度均出现在蜡熟期5 cm土层,分别为3.52和4.62 ℃。PC在越冬期和孕穗期10 cm分别较CK显著降温1.38和1.73 ℃,其余各时期各土层与CK差异均不显著。
2.5 秸秆带状覆盖对小麦各生育时期0~25 cm土壤温度日变化幅度的影响
在小麦生育前期(越冬期-返青期)和中期(返青期-拔节期),各处理的土壤温度日变化幅度较大(表1)。秸秆带状覆盖可显著减小越冬期-返青期土壤温度日变化幅度,SC1、SC2的日变化幅度较CK分别减小1.20和1.29 ℃,其余各生育阶段均无显著差异;全生育期的日变化幅度分别较CK减小0.28和1.13 ℃。在越冬期-返青期,SC1、SC2日变化幅度较PC分别减小1.77和1.86 ℃,全生育期的日变化幅度分别减小0.37和1.22 ℃。PC与CK各生育阶段土壤温度日变化幅度差异均不显著。
图4 不同处理下小麦各生育时期不同土层的温度
℃
同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。
Different small letters within the same column mean significant difference among the treatments at 0.05 level. The same in other tables.
2.6 秸秆带状覆盖对小麦各生育阶段持续期和0~25 cm土壤积温的影响
处理间各生育阶段持续期存在差异(表2)。与CK相比,秸秆带状覆盖下越冬期-返青期、返青期-拔节期、拔节期-开花期和开花期-成熟期的持续期分别增加1、2、5和7~8 d,全生育期延迟了15~16 d;而PC则分别减少2、1、1和2 d,全生育期提前了6 d。
各处理的土壤积温也存在不同程度的差异。与CK相比,SC1、SC2的土壤积温在越冬期-返青期分别减少了176.9和113.3 ℃,在开花期-成熟期分别增加86.6和65.4 ℃,全生育期分别减少86.6和69.8 ℃;PC的土壤积温较CK在拔节期-开花期显著降低48.5 ℃,全生育期减少130.2 ℃。
表2 不同处理下冬小麦各生育阶段持续期及土壤有效积温Table 2 Lasting time and soil active accumulated temperature of each stage of winter wheat under different treatments
LT:Lasting time; AAT:soil active accumulated temperature.
2.7 秸秆带状覆盖对小麦产量及其构成的影响
由表3可知,SC1、SC2和PC均较CK显著增产,产量增幅分别为69.1%、41.3%和61.3%,SC1与PC间无显著差异。与CK相比, PC的穗数降低15.2%,SC1和SC2分别提高20.2%和13.4%;SC1、SC2和PC的穗粒数分别提高33.3%、26.7%和60.0%;SC1、SC2千粒重与CK差异不显著,而PC则较CK增加16.0%。可见穗数和穗粒数的增加是秸秆带状覆盖增产的主因。
表3 不同处理下冬小麦的产量及其构成Table 3 Yield and its components of winter wheat under different treatments
本研究表明,秸秆带状覆盖下冬小麦全生育期0~25 cm土壤平均温度显著低于对照,与前人的研究结果基本一致[36-38],全膜覆盖与对照无显著性差异,这与前人部分研究结果[39-40]不一致,分析其原因,可能与受厄尔尼诺事件的影响[41]有关。试验期间,在冬小麦的拔节期-孕穗期出现了两次的霜冻,加剧了气温波动,影响冬小麦的生长发育,致使全膜覆盖增温效应没有充分表现出来。
随着生育进程的推进和土层的加深,秸秆带状覆盖和全膜覆盖均表现为增温和降温的双重效应,这与众多研究结果相似[27-30]。此外,全膜覆盖加剧了土壤温度的变化幅度,而秸秆带状覆盖对土壤温度波动的影响无规律性,这一现象与刘 炜等[40]的研究结果不一致,这也许与上述提到的该年出现的两次极端低温天气有一定的关系。
研究表明,秸秆覆盖通过改变耕作层土壤的水分状况和调节温度,改善土壤的透气性,并且增加土壤肥力和改善土壤结构,提高作物的产量[8-9,17,34,42],但秸秆均匀覆盖条件下作物不增产甚至减产不容忽略,例如陈素英等[30,43-44]在河北省的研究结果表明,秸秆覆盖导致冬小麦4年平均减产7%左右。赵燮京等[45]在四川中部的小麦试验中发现,秸秆覆盖后坡顶、坡腰农田的产量较高,谷地则相反,但差异不大。李全起等[46]研究发现,秸秆覆盖均趋于降低冬小麦的产量和水分生产效率。本研究结果表明,尽管该年在冬小麦的生育前期有两次严重的冻害,秸秆带状覆盖仍较露地可显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量,增产率为41.3%~69.1%,而本研究团队2012-2014年(气候正常年份)的定位试验研究结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖的增长率为37.1%~51.8%,且全膜覆土穴播与秸秆带状覆盖种植冬小麦在气候异常年份增产率较正常年份高[47],即覆盖可以降低异常气候对冬小麦造成的减产损失。
秸秆覆盖延迟小麦的生育进程[48-49]。本试验中秸秆带状覆盖较CK降低了全生育期土壤的积温,进而延缓了冬小麦每个生育阶段的持续期,最终秸秆带状覆盖较对照露地晚熟15 d左右,全膜覆土穴播全生育期积温虽较CK少130.2 ℃,但较CK早熟6 d,这一现象可能与全膜覆土穴播在生育后期土壤养分供应不足、水分过度消耗或大气温度过高,致使植株早衰有一定的关系。
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Effect of Bundled Straw Covering on Soil Temperature and Yield of Winter Wheat in Arid Region
WANG Fang1,CHENG Hongbo2,LI Rui1,CHAI Yuwei1,CHEN Yuzhang1,CHANG Lei1,HUANG Caixia3,CHAI Shouxi1
(1.College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University/ Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China; 2.College of Life Science and Technology,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China; 3.College of Engineering,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China)
Winter wheat Lantian 26 was used to determine the influence of straw mulching on soil temperature and yield of winter wheat,under the treatments of bundled straw covering three lines-seeding(SC1),bundled straw covering four lines-seeding(SC2),the whole plastic film mulching(PC) and non-mulching as control(CK).The results showed that,compared to CK,bundled straw covering could significantly increase grain yield,panicles and kernel number of winter wheat,by 41.3% to 69.1%,13.4 to 20.2% and 26.7 to 33.3%,respectively. There was no significant difference on yield between bundled straw covering and the whole plastic covering. The average soil temperature of soil layer during 0-25 cm under bundled straw covering treatments was 1.4 to 2.0 ℃ lower than that under CK.The bundled straw covering had the warming and cooling double effects with the advancement of wheat growth and depth of soil layers. The warming effect happened in SC1 at revival period in 5 cm soil layer and at jointing period in 5 and 10 cm soil layers,and in SC2 at wintering stage in 5 and 10 cm soil layers and at jointing stage in 5 cm soil layer. And cooling effect happened in the rest of period in each soil layer,which was greater than the degree of warming effect. The daily changing of soil temperature during the whole period was reduced under bundled straw covering,compared to that of PC and CK. The accumulated temperature of SC1 and SC2 were reduced by 86.6 and 69.8 ℃ during the whole growth period,so that winter wheat under bundled straw covering treatments ripe 15 d later than that under CK.Considering the environment protection and sustainable development,bundled straw covering has more advantages than plastic film covering for dry farming in Northwest of China.
Dryland; Winter wheat; Bundle straw covering; Soil temperature; Yield
10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2017.06.08
时间:2017-06-07
2016-12-08
2016-12-30
国家自然科学基金项目(31560365);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-3-2-49);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303104)
E-mail:1475757133@qq.com
柴守玺(E-mail:sxchai@126.com)
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