时间:2024-05-25
张瀚元,张秀英,施路一
(1.东北农业大学 动物医学院,哈尔滨 150030;2.黑龙江省野生动物研究所,哈尔滨 150081)
疾病的炎症本质及其中药干预
张瀚元1,张秀英1,施路一2
(1.东北农业大学 动物医学院,哈尔滨 150030;2.黑龙江省野生动物研究所,哈尔滨 150081)
炎症是疾病的基本病理过程,与多种疾病的进程及转归相关。人类医学领域的炎症研究成果众多,而在兽医方面鲜有报道。因此,有必要从5方面对炎症及其中药干预进行综述:中药通过作用于炎症信号通路各环节,抑制或者阻断炎症信号传递,从而起到抑制炎症的作用;中药影响各种炎症因子的表达水平,改变炎症临床表现;中药通过抑制氧化产物生成,使炎症机体避免过氧化损伤;中药通过调节炎症平衡,从而影响炎症的发生与发展;中药通过适当调节炎症因子之间的相互关系,改善SIRS的产生与恶化。结合疾病与炎症的相关性以及中药在炎症干预方面的研究成果,综述炎症在各种疾病中的重要作用,为通过干预炎症、防制炎症相关疾病提供线索和依据。
炎症;炎症本质;炎症干预;中药
作为重要的基本病理过程,炎症在许多疾病中扮演着重要角色。心力衰竭与TLR4/NF-κb通路活化[1]以及下游炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的表达密切相关[2];血管内皮细胞的活化和功能失调导致的血管炎症,是许多慢性炎症反应疾病的病理基础[3];手足口病患儿血清中炎症因子 IL-10、IL-12和TNF-α表达水平异常增高,具有手足口病的疗效监控意义,可作为手足口病患儿的监控指标等[4];1991年,美国医师学会(AC-CP)、危重病医学会(SCCM)联席会议委员会提出,将全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)替代原来的菌血症、脓毒症、脓毒性休克等概念[5]。这使炎症病理范畴更加宽泛,随即SIRS成为研究炎症的热点。其研究成果在炎症干预方面具有代表性,进一步确定炎症在各种疾病中的重要意义。文章通过对炎症过程中各种角色的综述,对炎症的病理过程以及中药干预进行小结。
TLR4是TLRs受体家族中最具代表意义的一员,是一种广泛存在于各种组织器官细胞表面的细胞膜受体蛋白。革兰氏阴性菌的脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)是TLR4蛋白的经典配体,在模拟试验以及临床实践中具有代表意义,能够激活TLR4下游MAPKs以及NF-κB信号通路[6]。LPS-TLR4复合体激活两条经典信号转导通路:一条是MyD88依赖性信号转导路径,LPS-TLR4复合体激活转录因子NF-κB,后者进入细胞核,启动炎症相关因子基因表达。这些炎症因子如TNF-α、IL-1β等促炎因子是构成炎症反应的重要活性分子,促炎因子以激动剂的形式反作用于NF-κB,使其活性更加增强、持续,从而增强炎症反应,形成促NF-κB活化的正反馈调节[7]。另一条是MyD88非依赖性信号转导途径,LPS-TLR4复合体激活转录因子干扰素调节因子3(IFN-regulatedfactor3,IRF3)并入核,启动β-干扰素 (Interferonbeta,IFN-β)的转录,最终引起免疫反应[8]。TLR4作为炎症反应始动环节,具有炎症指示意义,成为炎症干预的靶点。在细菌感染发生以后,TLRs受体的表达水平明显升高[9]。在心肌炎小鼠模型中,敲除 TLR4基因的突变型小鼠经LPS刺激不出现炎症反应[10]。Eritoran是一种TLR4选择性抑制剂,在胃缺血再灌注损伤模型中,Eritoran能够明显减轻心脏缺血再灌注损伤以及炎症反应[11]。中药能够降低TLR4的表达水平,从而起到抑制炎症的作用。
核因子-κB(NF-κB)广泛存在于真核细胞内,对参与调节免疫应答、应激反应、炎症反应和细胞凋亡等相关因子的基因表达进行调节[12]。NF-κB转录因子家族共有5个成员,其中P65:P50异源二聚体以其数量最多而作为代表,NF-κB p65:p50与IκBα结合,以非活化的形式稳定存在于细胞质中[13]。激活后p65:p50游离出复合物,从胞质转入胞核,继而与炎症相关基因或先天免疫基因的表达启动位点结合[14]。启动多条信号通路并控制多个基因的表达[15]。细胞因子的生成与活化主要是通过NF-κb的激活来实现,NF-κb也是炎性细胞因子发挥生物活性的调控靶位[16]。在持久的炎症过程中,促炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β等)或炎症相关分子(iNOS、COX-2、VCAM-1D等)作用于NF-κB,导致NF-κB信号通路持续激活,形成持续的慢性炎症,这些基因的异常表达往往是促进肿瘤的发生、转移、组织浸润以及肿瘤细胞抗凋亡的重要因素[17]。促炎因子对组织器官具有直接的炎症损伤作用,也能够通过激活NF-κB通路,启动破坏性调节,间接造成炎症损伤。对牙周病的研究表明,TNF-α活化NF-κB信号通路,从而转录相关炎症基因发挥促炎作用,同时NF-κB信号通路通过调控RANKL/RANK表达,调节成骨分化信号通路及骨基质形成,对骨发育和骨改建过程发挥关键调控作用[18]。
作为经典的炎症信号通路,多种中药以TLR4/NF-κb为靶点,降低TLR4、NF-κB的表达水平,阻断TLR4/NF-κb成为干预机制的关键环节,同时同一种中药的干预机制是综合性的。在大鼠骨关节炎模型中,桂皮醛一方面抑制LPS诱导的大鼠滑膜细胞TLR4蛋白表达,另一方面阻断TLR4/NF-κB通路,从而减少炎性介质的分泌,抑制滑膜炎症反应,缓解骨关节炎症状[19]。张敏[20]在干预大鼠变应性鼻炎研究中发现,雷公藤多甙能够调节TLR及NF-κBp50的表达,影响变应性鼻炎的发生发展。程广东等[21]用LPS诱导,建立鸡法氏囊炎模型,应用连翘酯苷A进行干预,结果表明连翘酯苷A能够降低NF-κB的表达水平,抑制NF-κB炎症通路,干预下游炎症因子的生成,从而抑制LPS引起的鸡法氏囊炎症。田维毅[22]应用黄连解毒汤抑制Mφ 信号通路TLR4/NF-κB的表达,抑制TNF-α分泌、促进TGF-β1分泌,限制炎症发展,减轻动脉粥样硬化的损伤程度。张驰等[23]应用参附注射液抑制静脉内皮细胞NF-κB活化,减弱TLR4/NF-κB途径,抑制LPS介导的黏附分子表达,起到抑炎作用。邹国辉[24]应用解毒活血方抑制TLR4/NF-κB活化,降低IL-1β、TNF-α、MCP-1、ICAM-I含量,拮抗炎症反应,改善ISR临床症状。刘硕[25]基于NF-κB-抗凋亡通路,结合中医扶正解毒理论,通过中药降低血清炎性细胞因子水平,减少NF-kB活化,从而阻断“NF-kB-抗凋亡”通路,使肺癌细胞凋亡增加,提高化疗疗效。王雪慧[26]在急性肺损伤大鼠模型的研究中发现,通腑汤通过阻断NF-κB通路,抑制NF-κB的表达,降低TNF-α、IL-6、TGF-β1的含量,防治大鼠急性肺损伤。黎玉翠[27]对广藿香酮和广藿香醇进行研究,表明广藿香酮和广藿香醇能够阻断LPS激活细胞的NF-κB和MAPK信号转导通路,且显著抑制炎症介质相关基因的过度表达,抑制细胞炎症。孙雪芳等[28]利用黄芪多糖抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,对LPS诱导的乳鼠心肌细胞有保护作用,有效抑制疾病模型中心肌肥大的发生。
TNF-α是早期促炎细胞因子,在致病菌或者其他因素刺激下,由巨噬细胞、单核细胞、网状内皮细胞等大量产生的TLR4/NF-κB通路下游的产物。TNF-α能够激活TLR4/NF-κB通路,继而放大炎症级联反应[29],并通过持续活化NF-κB发挥促炎效应[30]。 TNF-α能够启动血管反应,促进白细胞在炎灶聚集与活化,引起呼吸爆发、组织损伤以及细胞因子瀑布,诱发标的细胞凋亡[31]。TNF-α也是沟通机体固有免疫和获得性免疫的枢纽,TNF-α是细胞因子级联反应的起始因子[32],直接或间接地激活白细胞发挥其免疫功能[33]。T淋巴细胞产生的其他细胞因子能够促进TNF-α的合成[34]。TNF-α的水平能够反映炎症进程[35],进而对败血症、感染性疾病等具有重要指示作用与诊断意义[36]。对败血症治疗后的24~48 h后,TNF-α的水平持续下降,具有统计学意义[37]。通过TNF -α单克隆抗体特异性清除 TNF -α在SIRS的治疗方面取得可喜进展[38]。
IL-6源于单核巨噬细胞,一方面能够激活血管内皮细胞和炎性细胞,诱导急性期蛋白合成,催化放大炎性反应[39]。另一方面也可以刺激炎症细胞增加可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体和人IL-1受体2的释放,减弱TNF-α的作用,起到一定的抗炎效果。故血清IL-6表达水平和持续时间可反映炎症程度[40]。IL-6在炎症早期迅速上升,参与并促进全身炎症反应综合征发展的同时,激活淋巴细胞[41]。参与任何感染和炎症刺激相关免疫系统的急性期反应[42]。促进自然杀伤细胞和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的免疫活性,促进T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的成熟分化,激活中性粒细胞,促进B淋巴细胞成熟并分泌抗体[43]。在感染性疾病中具有指示性意义[44]。血清中IL-6水平对急性中枢神经系统感染具有诊断意义[45]。其水平的高低在新生儿感染性疾病中能够反映疾病的严重程度[46]。
IL-10是强效抑制炎症反应的细胞因子,又被称为细胞因子合成抑制因子(cytokine synthesis inhibitory faetor,CSIF)[47],主要来源于单核细胞、巨噬细胞和Th2细胞等多种与炎症免疫相关的效应细胞[48]。IL-10一方面作为免疫调节因子,能够促进活化的T、B细胞分化,间接抑制T、B细胞凋亡[49]。促进CD8+T细胞的增殖和分化[50]。增加肥大细胞数量,提高促炎因子浓度[51]。另一方面作为抑炎因子对炎症的抑制作用是多方面的。IL-10可通过抑制APC(特别是巨噬细胞和树突状细胞)的抗原提呈能力,抑制DC细胞分化,诱导DC凋亡,同时抑制DC和巨噬细胞产生TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6等促炎因子[52]。 IL-10也可上调IL-1受体拮抗剂IL-1ra和可溶性TNF-α受体表达,抑制炎症过度[53]。IL-10可通过对T细胞的抑制作用抑制炎症水平。IL-10能够抑制Thl细胞分泌IL-2、IFN-γ,延缓细胞介导炎症反应。能够通过干预IL-10的表达水平调节炎症水平。拮抗IL-10水平,IL-6 mRNA表达量增强,炎症反应加剧[54]。对败血症治疗后的24~48 h 后,TNF-α的水平持续下降,但IL-10的水平在治疗后24 h升高,48 h后下降[37]。于是可通过IL-10/TNF-α反映炎症抗促平衡,进而反应炎症水平[55]。IL-10水平与ARDS患者病死率高度相关[56], IL-10基因启动子区1 082位点的基因型对SIRS的发生、发展、诊断、预后以及预测具有重要意义[57]。IL-10维持细胞因子网络平衡,对于SIRS具有重要意义,一方面抑制TNF-α等致炎性细胞因子的产生[58],保护机体组织在炎症因子作用下过度的病理生理改变,另一方面可造成机体的免疫功能抑制,对感染的病原微生物清除能力下降,甚至造成“免疫麻痹状态”,从而导致CARS[59],大大增加二次感染的风险或导致感染加重[60]。
中药通过降低炎症因子水平表现出抗炎干预作用。浓度在20 μmol/L以上的薏苡仁酯液能够有效降低血管内皮细胞炎症反应模型中促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1水平,降低抗炎因子IL-10与TGF-β水平,提示薏苡仁酯液通过炎症干预途径具有防制心血管疾病的作用[61]。补肾活血解郁方能够显著降低类风湿关节炎伴发抑郁症大鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平,对疾病有积极作用[62]。小鼠干燥综合征模型中,增液汤干预前后血清中TNF-α和IL-1β的含量与发病情况正相关[63]。内异止痛汤降低EMs大鼠血清TNF-α表达。抑制NF-κBp65蛋白表达,从而减轻炎症反应,抑制异位组织生长[64]。甘露消毒丹提高抑炎因子IL-10表达水平,降低促炎因子TNF-α的分泌,从而减轻炎症反应[65]。妇炎宁汤通过作用于细胞因子IL-10、IFN-γ、TNF-α的表达,对慢性盆腔炎及阳虚型慢性盆腔炎大鼠模型具有较好的疗效[66]。鱼腥草素钠抑制LPS诱导奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞和炎性细胞的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的蛋白分泌水平,抑制IκBα的降解和NF-κBp65的磷酸化,压制ERK、JNK、p38磷酸化水平,显著减弱模型组小鼠子宫内膜的炎性反应,对试验性子宫内膜炎模型小鼠有很好的治疗效果[67]。加味黄芩汤下调大鼠IL-6 mRNA的表达,降低血清IL-6含量及血清sIL-6Rα含量,减轻sIL-6Rα与IL-6形成复合物而引起的炎症反应[68]。
脂质炎症介质在炎症反应中扮演重要角色,其主要来源于细胞膜磷脂,其中的花生四烯酸是重要的脂质介质来源。ω-3PUFAs能够通过改变细胞膜磷脂构成,减少花生四烯酸的含量[69]。ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸(EPA、DHA)一方面通过置换细胞膜磷脂中的花生四烯酸,竞争环氧酶和脂氧合酶,从而减少源于花生四烯酸分解后的炎性产物产生,减轻炎症反应[70]。另一方面ω-3PUFAs改变细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸构成,影响细胞膜上的相关信号分子、酶以及受体功能,从而改变信号转导过程,干预炎症因子的转录表达以及其他损伤性调节[71]。继而影响细胞分子功能[72]。内异止痛汤降低子宫内膜异位症模型大鼠的血清环氧酶COX-2 表达,从而减轻炎症反应,抑制异位组织生长[73]。前列腺素E2受体具有4个亚型,前列腺素E2通过与不同亚型受体结合的方式调节促炎反应和抗炎反应,在炎症的发展过程中具有重要的调节意义[74]。PGE2通过EP2在由LPS引起的神经元氧化损伤中发挥作用,其促进神经元周围的炎症反应[75]。但在肿瘤环境中,PGE2又通过EP2抑制树突状细胞的免疫递呈作用并导致免疫缺陷的发生[76]。在风湿性关节炎小鼠模型中,PGE2能通过EP4促进淋巴细胞尤其是Th1淋巴细胞的迁移和增殖[77]。
NO由一氧化氮合酶NOS催化L-精氨酸产生,NO作用于自身细胞或者邻近细胞,与转录因子或蛋白激酶等结合,从而发挥不同的调节作用。内源性NO能够作用于NF-κB,使NF-κB P p50亚基的半胱氨酸残基硝基化,降低NF-κB的DNA结合活性,从而减弱炎症级联反应信号强度,对炎症反应予以负调节[78]。NO抑制NF-κB,减少炎症因子介质的释放,减少TNF-α、IL-1等释放[79]。而另一方面,诱导型NO在较高浓度下激活NF-κB,诱导促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β等产生,后者的产生又能激活诱导型NO合酶,促进机体产生更多NO,从而形成正反馈环。抑制NO合成可改善典型的炎症症状[80]。
TNF-α和IL-1是炎症早期释放的炎症因子,所以针对这些炎症因子的拮抗治疗难以奏效[81]。这提示一方面要进行预防性干预炎症的发生程度与发展速度;另一方面,选择可控性强的炎症因子予以拮抗治疗。作为重要的晚期炎症介质,高迁移率族蛋白 B1 (high mobility group protein Bl, HMGB1)能够增强LPS活性,协同刺激炎症因子的释放[82]。HMGB1也参与脓毒症、出血性休克、急性肺损伤、风湿性关节炎和弥散性血管内凝血的病理生理过程[83]。与TNF-α、IL-1等速发型炎性介质相比,具有更大的临床意义[84]。
降钙素原(PCT)是感染的相关性标志物。是SIRS的临床辅助诊断标准之一,其水平的高低可反映病情的危重状态[85],并为临床病情转归提供客观依据[86]。当机体处于严重感染时,即使患者处于免疫抑制状态或尚无明显的临床表现,血浆中PCT浓度也明显升高,其升高程度与感染的严重度呈正相关[87],PCT具有早期、特异、敏感的特性,优于传统的炎性标志物,而且它对病情的早期评估、预后评价及疗效观察具有一定的意义[88]。
组织过氧化是炎症损伤的重要机制之一。SOD中重要的抗氧化酶能够清除自由基,减轻自由基引起的组织损伤。动物体的抗氧化能力与SOD活力有密切联系。MDA是一种自由基,能够直接反映脂质过氧化的程度与速率,组织氧化程度与血清中MDA含量相关。于小婷等[89]应用大肠埃希菌感染仔兔,结果发现大肠埃希菌感染后,仔兔肠道内MDA含量增加,SOD活性下降,从而造成对肠道组织的氧化损伤。谷胱甘肽(GSH)能够清除机体氧化物,其含量具有指示机体抗氧化效果的意义。连翘酯苷A能够降低动物机体内的过氧化物水平,增加抗氧化水平,从而保护组织不受炎症损伤。活性氧ROS的增加或者抗氧化剂的减少能够导致许多类型细胞凋亡,包括内皮细胞,尤其脂多糖能够诱导内皮细胞产生大量ROS,这也是细菌感染造成炎性血管中心反应的重要机制,而这种凋亡的诱发与核因子的活化存在相关性[90]。相反,抑制血管内皮细胞产生活性氧可以减轻细胞的诱凋亡损伤[91]。
避免过氧化损伤是减少炎症损伤的重要手段。吴金梅[92]在治疗奶牛乳房炎的研究中发现,甘草总黄酮能够抑制金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子的表达,抑制过氧化损伤,从而对奶牛乳房炎的治疗具有积极意义。仲伟婷[93]研究发现商陆皂苷甲作用于Nrf2,增强内生性抗氧化剂的表达,进而抑制ROS等氧化剂的产生,减弱氧化损伤和炎症反应,以及辅助地塞米松发挥抗炎作用。徐宵龙[94]研究发现,安石榴苷可以降低巨噬细胞内氧自由基的生成,调节超氧化物歧化酶1(Superoxidedismutase1,SOD1)活性,从而缓解LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症反应。史亚凝[95]研究发现,鸡蛋膜蛋白酶解物具有较好的化学抗氧化性能,能够促进肠道细胞内抗氧化酶的活力,促进抗氧化物GSH的生成,从而抑制细胞内脂质与蛋白质的氧化。
T细胞按其功能可分为CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞等亚群。CD4+T细胞多为Th细胞(辅助性T细胞)。根据产生细胞因子和生物功能的不同,传统上将CD4+T细胞分为Th1和Th2两类细胞亚群,它们在免疫过程中相互调节并相互制约。Th1细胞分泌γ-干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α),Th2细胞分泌白细胞介素10(interleukin-10,IL-10)。IFN-γ和TNF-α为活化巨噬细胞,是启动细胞外免疫活动的主要活性分子,但过量的IFN-γ和TNF-α可能导致免疫应答过度,加重组织的炎症反应甚至导致组织坏死等。IL-10又称为细胞因子生成抑制因子(CSIF),是IL-10家族的首要成员。IL-10能够下调IFN-γ和TNF-α,从而在保护性免疫和免疫病理的平衡中起着重要作用。
CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg,表达转录因子FoxP3)是近年来发现的一类不同于Th1和Th2细胞的CD4+T细胞,作为一种调节性T细胞下调自身免疫和炎症反应[96]。其发挥效应的一条重要途径为分泌TGF-β和IL-10。Th17是另一类新发现的不同于Thl和Th2细胞的CD4+T细胞亚群,以分泌IL-17为主,Th17细胞在促进炎症反应和自身免疫病发病中发挥重要作用[97]。Th17/Treg免疫失衡所致炎症紊乱,即免疫-炎症轴失衡参与靶器官炎症反应和损伤[98]。
在许多疾病的发生发展过程中均能见到炎症平衡的影子,其变化与疾病进程密切相关。急性弓形虫眼部感染时,房水与血清中IFN-γ和TNF-α的水平明显升高,IL-10的水平明显降低。脾脏中Treg/Th17的比值明显降低。外源性IL-10可通过降低体内IFN-γ和TNF-α的浓度以及改变体内Treg/Th17的平衡状态减轻弓形虫感染小鼠的眼部炎症反应[99]。炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)部分起因是致病因素活化免疫系统,由肠道上皮细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞分泌多种细胞因子,进而形成病原、细胞和因子之间的级联反应。细胞与因子间的综合作用造成肠道局部炎症。炎症因子和抗炎因子比例的消长决定炎症的转归和预后[100]。同时辅助性T细胞、调节性T细胞、细胞因子和自身抗体等免疫因素在炎症性肠病的发病和持续发展中起重要作用[101]。支原体肺炎患儿细胞因子IL-10水平升高,提示抗炎性细胞因子和促炎性细胞因子平衡失调,可能导致Treg/Th17平衡失调,机体发生细胞免疫紊乱,引起患儿肺部出现免疫炎症反应、免疫损伤及纤维化,而出现一系列临床表现[102]。
炎症失衡是造成SIRS的重要原因之一,中药能够从多方面重建炎症平衡,从而起到防制作用。孙俊颖[103]使用鱼腥草对鸡毒支原体感染进行治疗发现,鱼腥草挥发油能够增强IFN-γ、L-12表达,抑制IL-4表达,重建Thl/Th2反应的平衡,实现对免疫功能的调节。周兴华[104]通过对急性肝损伤进行研究发现,加味茵陈蒿汤通过调节Th1、Th2类细胞因子,纠正Th1/Th2的免疫失衡状态,显著减轻肝细胞损伤,调节机体的免疫反应而起到保肝作用。王建国[105]通过对血虚风燥证慢性湿疹的临床观察发现,中药方剂养血消风饮能有效调节Th1/Th2细胞因子的平衡状态,减少炎性反应介质释放,从而减轻血虚风燥证慢性湿疹临床症状。董秀兰[106]应用中药方剂加味五虎汤治疗痰热闭肺型小儿支原体肺炎取得较好效果,其主要机制在于中药加味五虎汤调节IL-10、IL-17、TGF-β1水平及Treg/Th17平衡,减轻肺部免疫炎症反应及肺部纤维化,而提高临床疗效。在大鼠变应性鼻炎模型中,张敏[20]使用雷公藤多甙纠正Th1/Th2细胞因子的比例,降低IgE的表达,影响变应性鼻炎的发生发展。
全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS) 是机体在各种致病因素作用下,机体免疫系统发生活化免疫细胞、表达炎症相关受体、释放大量致炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子等免疫防御表现,上述活动中各种过量释放或失控的炎症介质相互作用形成网络式级联放大效应,继而造成促炎/抗炎平衡的破坏,损害血管内皮及微环境,造成机体相应器官或全身的损害,最后导致DIC,进一步将导致多器官功能衰竭综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)[107]。
在SIRS干预方面,大剂量的抗生素应用以及炎性因子拮抗剂不能有效降低严重创伤的并发症和死亡率,虽然较广谱的细胞因子阻滞剂研究正方兴未艾, 但其最终应用于临床及治疗的效果有待进一步确定[108]。现有研究成果表明血清TNF-α、sTNFR-Ⅰ及sTNFR-Ⅰ/TNF-α比值变化可较好地反映SIRS改变,对预测其病情变化有重要意义[109]。下调TNF-α水平,上调IL-10水平可以减轻组织器官炎症反应的病理损害而起保护作用,避免SIRS进一步向MODS发展[110]。因此,早期预测和有效干预SIRS可能是防治MODS的关键。在临床上,由于众多炎症介质和细胞因子的多向协同或拮抗效应,造成对其认识过程和手段的复杂化,至今尚无能够阻断这种炎症级联反应的有效措施[111]。
在不同疾病中,相应的炎症因子体系之间的级联反应各异,级联关系复杂,且炎症因子种类及其相应水平各异,尤其在动物疾病领域几乎没有炎症指标体系,同时无法确定在特定疾病SIRS病理过程中关键的炎性因子枢纽与靶点,所以药物干预是宽泛的。这提示从炎症发生角度看待动物疾病将是动物疾病研究的新领域,能够作为动物群体性疾病预防的一个新启示,从动物机体自身的稳定调解入手解决动物疾病问题,弥补不足。尽管现有关于中药干预以炎症为基础病理的各类疾病的效果是积极的,但是尚有盲目性和不全面性,但是就目前研究资料来看,结合中医中药理论作指导,以炎症理论为研究基础,对从炎症角度阐述疾病本质、防治各类疾病具有积极意义,同时在畜牧养殖实践中,黄芩、黄芪等清热解毒、补中益气中药是常用的中药预混剂,但所起作用往往被认为是通过提高机体免疫力产生的,忽视动物机体本身对致病因素的反应性。因此,在生产实践中使用中药提高机体应激时的稳态保持能力,是具备一定实际价值的。
通常认为炎症是疾病的基本病理过程,是临床表现的重要病因之一。炎症水平与许多疾病发生发展程度相关,炎症相关因子具有极其重要的推动作用及指示意义。血管反应是炎症的核心过程,多种细胞以及活性分子参与其中,机体通过血管反应激活并释放活性细胞及分子,对靶器官产生生物活性,积极维持生命稳态。炎症以有限度地综合性协调方式表现出防御作用,当炎症反应持续或者超限便产生疾病。所以,干预炎症的发生,以及控制炎症的发展程度对于疾病的预防以及控制具有积极意义,盲目抗炎可能不利于疾病的治疗。
炎症是综合的病理过程。巨噬细胞对炎症的启动具有十分重要的作用,是经典的炎症细胞,也是重要抗原提呈细胞。炎症的发展方向与Th等免疫细胞功能与数量紧密相关,炎症产物往往也成为发动免疫反应的抗原提呈物,免疫反应甚至是炎症反应的后续结果及外延,二者相互关联。炎症表现是众多复杂的相关细胞与分子结成网络,并相互作用的结果。炎症反应中各种因素的生物活性不同,与疾病种类、致病因子、内环境等因素密切相关。NF-κb、TNF-α等经典炎症因子的表达水平被认为是能够指示炎症发生发展程度的重要指标,但许多研究将二者进行统计学关联,前者对后者的指示作用仅具有统计学意义,没有详细阐述炎症相关分子间协调关系,以及标准量化。因此,以炎症因子网络、功能调节方向为对象,展开炎症分子水平干预,炎症指标体系建立等系统性研究更具有实践指导意义。
中国传统医学对于疾病有独特的见解,学术界虽以其缺乏客观可见性而尚存异议,但许多现代研究表明,中药通过协调炎症因子水平与功能能够治疗与缓解疾病。这提示以中药为纽带,借鉴中医“扶正祛邪、辨证施治”的治疗思想对炎症,以及炎症相关疾病的研究或许具有一定的指导意义。综上,关于炎症的研究不能够孤立地进行,对于疾病本质的研究要具有整体观。
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(责任编辑:郭柏寿 Responsible editor:GUO Baishou)
Inflammatory Nature of Disease and Intervention by the Traditional Chinese Medicine
ZHANG Hanyuan1, ZHANG Xiuying1and SHI Luyi2
(1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; 2. Wildlife Research Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China)
The inflammation is a primary pathological process involved in the progression and prognosis of various diseases. There are numerous studies on inflammation in the human medical field, but it is rarely reported in the field of veterinary. This article summarized recently reports about inflammation and the intervention of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in five aspects:TCM inhibits the inflammation by suppressing or even blocking the transmission of inflammatory signals in each step of the signaling pathway.TCM influences the progression of inflammation by regulating the expression of various inflammatory cytokines.TCM protects cells from damage of peroxidation in the development of inflammation via inhibiting the formation of oxidation products.TCM influences the occurrence and development of inflammation by adjusting the inflammatory homeostasis.TCM prevents the occurrence and progression of SIRS by adjusting the interactions between inflammatory cytokines. Based on the correlation between diseases and inflammation, and the reports about the effect of TCM on inflammation, this article reviewed the significant role of inflammation in various diseases, and provided clue and evidence for the inflammatory intervention method by which to prevent and cure the diseases associated with inflammation.
Inflammation; Inflammatory nature; Inflammatory intervention; Traditional Chinese medicine
ZHANG Hanyuan, male,doctoral student. Research area:veterinary pharmacology and toxicology.E-mail:mjoiner@163.com
ZHANG Xiuying, female, professor,doctoral supervisor. Research area:veterinary pharmacology and toxicology.E-mail:zhangxiuying@neau.edu.cn
2016-04-15
2016-06-07
黑龙江重点基金(ZD201405)。
张瀚元,男,博士研究生,研究方向为兽医药理毒理学。E-mail:mjoiner@163.com
张秀英,女,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为兽医药理毒理学。E-mail:zhangxiuying@neau.edu.cn
日期:2016-12-20
S859.7
A
1004-1389(2017)01-0001-13
网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1220.S.20161220.1640.002.html
Received 2016-04-15 Returned 2016-06-07
Foundation item Provincial Key Fund Project of Heilongjiang(No.ZD201405).
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