时间:2024-05-25
柳 娜,曹 东,王世红,杨文雄
(1.甘肃省农业科学院 小麦研究所,兰州 730070;2.甘肃农业大学 农学院,兰州 730070)
104份甘肃小麦品种主要品质基因的分子标记检测
柳娜1,曹东2,王世红1,杨文雄1
(1.甘肃省农业科学院 小麦研究所,兰州730070;2.甘肃农业大学 农学院,兰州730070)
摘要高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基、黄色素质量分数和1B/1R易位系均影响小麦的加工品质。为明确相关品质性状基因在104份甘肃育成小麦品种中的分布,并为小麦品质育种提供亲本材料,利用高分子质量谷蛋白亚基 Dx5、 Bx7、 By8、 By9和黄色素质量分数基因及1B/1R易位系的特异性标记对104份小麦品种进行检测。结果表明,含基因 Dx5、 Bx7、 By8、 By9和1B/1R易位系的品种分别占总品种数的63.46%、76.92%、52.88%、45.19%和45.19%。含有等位基因 Psy-A1a和 Psy-A1b品种分别占总品种数的60.58%和21.15%,其黄色素质量分数均值差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。总体来看,甘肃育成小麦品种中含适合加工馒头和面粉等传统食品的单个品质优质基因频率较高,而优质基因组合的比例较低,具有黄色素质量分数较高的品种比例高。
关键词甘肃小麦;高分子量谷蛋白亚基;品质基因;分子标记
小麦面筋强度及其面制品色泽等主要受高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)、1B/1R易位系、黄色素质量分数等因素的影响。已有研究表明,HMW-GS是影响小麦面团特性和面筋强度的关键因素,而且其不同类别的亚基对小麦品质改良的贡献各异[1-2]。Payne等[3]和Branlard等[4]研究表明, Glu-D1位点上小麦烘烤等品质表现最优的亚基为Dx5+Dy10,并可利用 Dx5标记准确快速的检测和判断小麦品种中是否含有Dx5+Dy10优质亚基。D’Ovideo等[5-6]和Bustos等[7]设计了一系列可以区分基因 1Dx5、 1Dx2、 1Dx3、 1Dx4、 1Dy10、 1Dy12和Null等的HMW-GS的特异引物。Ma等[8]和张晓科等[9]分别建立了基因 Ax2、 Bx17和 Dx5的多重PCR反应体系。Bx7亚基在小麦中分布较广,通常与亚基By8或By9连锁,但亚基组合Bx7+By8对面筋强度的贡献大于其Bx7+By9[5]。1B/1R易位系即小麦的1B染色体短臂被黑麦的1R染色体短臂取代而形成[10]。在中国小麦育种进程中1B/1R易位系得到广泛应用,同时也推进小麦育种进程[11]。Francis等[12]已开发检测1B/1R易位系的基因标记,可准确快速方便的鉴定其是否携带1B/1R易位系。但与此同时也产生一些问题,如1B/1R易位品种的面筋质量下降,使小麦的加工品质变劣[10,13-15]。因此,对于品质育种而言,判断其亲本及后代中是否含有1B/1R易位是至关重要的。中国传统面条和馒头等面制品需亮度好和低黄色素质量分数的小麦面粉来加工。因此,研究和选育低黄色素质量分数的新品种是中国小麦品质育种的主要目标。而小麦籽粒中黄色素质量分数是多基因调控的,研究表明,染色体7A和7B上的基因对其贡献较大[16-17]。He等[18]开发了位于7A染色体的黄色素基因标记 YP7A,能有效区分小麦7A染色体控制高、低黄色素质量分数的等位基因 Psy-A1a和 Psy-A1b。Parker等[19]研究得出位于小麦染色体3A和7A上控制黄色素质量分数的主效QTL可分别解释其表型变异的13%和60%。以上相关品质基因分子标记的开发为小麦品质改良提供可靠的理论依据。
高凤梅等[20]、芦静等[21]、王宪国等[22]和胡凤灵等[23]分别对黑龙江、新疆、宁夏及全国冬、春小麦的相关品质基因进行检测,掌握其相关品质优质基因的分布情况。但有关甘肃省小麦品质相关基因检测的研究较缺乏。本研究选用甘肃省育成104份小麦品种资源,利用 Dx5、 YP7A、 Bx7、 By8 、 By9和 1B/1R特异性标记进行分子检测,掌握甘肃育成品种中所含相关品质基因的种类及分布情况,为甘肃省小麦品质育种提供有价值的亲本材料,加快品质改良进程。
1材料与方法
1.1材 料
供试品种为104份甘肃省育成审定的小麦品种,由甘肃省农业科学院小麦课题组保存。并在2012-2013年种植于甘肃省武威市黄羊镇甘肃农科院小麦育种基地,常规管理,成熟时收获。这些冬小麦(72份)和春小麦(32份)基本反映甘肃省近10 a小麦育种现状。
1.2试验方法
1.2.1DNA提取选取每个品种新鲜幼嫩的小麦黄化苗,用CTAB法[24-25]提取小麦基因组DNA。为保证检测结果的准确性,每个品种提取3批DNA,并分别检测。
1.2.2PCR扩增与电泳检测以D’Ovidio等[5]、He等[18]、Ma等[26]、Lei等[27]和Francis等[12]开发的功能标记 Dx5、 YP7A、 Bx7、 By9、 By8和 1B/1R进行分子检测。引物由上海生工生物工程技术服务有限公司合成(表1)。扩增体系10 μL,含Tris-HCl 20 mmol/L(pH 8.4),KCl 20 mmol/L,dNTPs 200 μmol/L,MgCl21.5 mmol/L,引物10 pmol/L,1.5 UTaqDNA 聚合酶,模板DNA为50 ng。
最后扩增产物用15 g/L的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,缓冲液为 1×TAE 溶液,160 V电压电泳45 min,染色、扫描成像。
表1 引物序列、扩增片段及对应的基因型
1.2.3黄色素质量分数测定采用已改进AACC14-50 法[28],取各个小麦品种的面粉样品3 g,加入提取液水饱和正丁醇15 mL,于振荡器上振荡浸提1 h后,静置和离心。用分光光度计(波长为440 nm)测定吸光度,重复3次,取其平均值。
2结果与分析
2.1甘肃小麦中部分HMW-GS的分布
利用部分HWM-GS特异性引物检测可以得出,在 Glu-D1位点,标记 Dx5在含亚基Dx5的品种中可扩增出450 bp的条带(图1)。在 Glu-B1位点,标记 Bx7在含亚基Bx7的品种中可扩增出630 bp和766 bp的2条带型(图2);标记 By8在含亚基By8的品种中可扩增出527 bp的条带(图3);标记 By9在含亚基By9的品种中可扩增出662 bp的带型(图4)。
在104份甘肃省育成的小麦品种中,含亚基 Dx5、 Bx7、 By8和 By9的品种分别有66、80、55和88份,分别占总品种数的63.46%、76.92%、52.88%和45.19%。其中,所有冬小麦品种中含亚基Dx5、Bx7、By8和By9分别占总品种数的63.89%、77.78%、55.56%和41.67%;而在所有春小麦品种中的频率依次为62.5%、75%、46.88%和53.13%(表2)。
M.DNA ladder 2000;1.陇春23号Longchun 23;2.陇春28号Longchun 28;3.陇春22号Longchun 22;4.武春5号Wuchun 5;5.武春6号Wuchun 6;6.武春7号Wuchun 7;7.武春8号Wuchun 8;8.甘育1号Ganyu 1;9.平凉43号Pingliang 43;10.平凉44号Pingliang 44;11.泾麦1号Jingmai 1;12.天选43Tianxuan 43;13.陇春26号Longchun 26
图1 Dx5标记扩增部分品种琼脂糖凝胶电泳
Fig.1Agarose gel electrophoresis of some tested materials amplified by Dx5
M.DNA ladder 2000;1.陇春23号Longchun 23;2.陇春28号Longchun 28;3.陇春30号Longchun 30;4.临农826Linnong 826;5.陇鉴103Longjian 103;6.环冬3号Huandong 3;7.陇育1号Longyu 1;8.武春8号Wuchun 8;9.临麦33Linmai 33;10.天选50Tianxuan 50;11.陇鉴9343Longjian 9343;12.张冬30号Zhangdong 30;13.静麦10号Jingmai 10
图2 Bx7标记扩增部分品种琼脂糖凝胶电泳
Fig.2Agarose gel electrophoresis of some tested materials amplified by Bx7
M.DNA ladder 2000;1.陇鉴9811Longjian 9811;2.武春3号Wuchun 3;3.张冬30号Zhangdong 30;4.陇鉴301Longjian 301;5.银春8号Yinchun 8;6.灵台3号Lingtai 3;7.西峰28号Xifeng 28;8.定丰16号Dingfeng 16;9.中梁23号Zhongliang 23;10.张春21号Zhangchun 21;11.陇育2号Longyu 2;12.陇辐2号Longfu 2
图3 By8标记扩增部分品种琼脂糖凝胶电泳
Fig.3 Agarose gel electrophoresis of some tested materials amplified by By8
2.2甘肃小麦黄色素质量分数等位基因的检测
2.2.1 Psy-A1位点变异检测利用标记 YP7A对104份甘肃小麦品种中 Psy-A1位点的等位变异检测,在含 Psy-A1a和 Psy-A1b基因的品种中可分别扩增出194 bp和231 bp的2条带型(图5)。结果显示,104份甘肃小麦中有63份扩增出194 bp片段,占总品种数的60.58%,含 Psy-A1a基因;22份品种中扩增出231 bp片段,占总品种数的21.15%,含 Psy-A1b基因,与低黄色素质量分数相关[29]。在冬小麦品种中,44份(61.11%)品种中含有 Psy-A1a基因,17份(23.61%)品种含有 Psy-A1b基因;在春小麦品种中,19份(59.38%)品种中含有 Psy-A1a基因,5份(15.63%)品种含有 Psy-A1b基因(表3)。
M.DNA ladder 2000;1.武春3号Wuchun 3;2.武春6号Wuchun 6;3.武春7号Wuchun 7;4.定丰12号Dingfeng 12;5.甘育1号Ganyu 1;6.定丰10号Dingfeng 10;7.中天1号Zhongtian 1;8.陇育4号Longyu 4;9.临麦32号Linmai 32;10.武都17号Wudu 17;11.静麦2号Jingmai 2;12.航选01Hangxuan 01
图4 By9标记扩增部分供试材料琼脂糖凝胶电泳
M.DNA ladder 2000;2.武春3号Wuchun 3;3.武春7号Wuchun 7;4.武春5号Wuchun 5;5.灵台2号Lingtai 2;6.环冬4号Huandong 4;7.陇育2号Longyu 2;8.西峰28Xifeng 28;9.环冬3号Huandong 3;10.中梁23Zhongliang 23;11.中梁24Zhongliang 24;12.天选45Tianxuan 45
图5 YP7A标记扩增部分品种琼脂糖凝胶电泳
2.2.2 Psy-A1基因与黄色素质量分数的关系从表4可以看出,大多含有 Psy-A1a 基因的小麦品种黄色素质量分数较高,均值为3.5 mg/kg,而含有 Psy-A1b基因的品种所对应的黄色素质量分数较低,均值为2.1 mg/kg。依据t测验结果可以看出,分别含 Psy-A1a和 Psy-A1b 2种基因的品种间黄色素质量分数均值差异显著。
2.3甘肃小麦1B/1R易位系的分布
利用1B/1R易位系的特异性标记对104份甘肃小麦品种进行检测,可扩增出1 500 bp的条带(图6)。结果显示,在104份小麦品种中有47份材料含有1B/1R易位系,占总品种数的45.19%。其中,冬小麦和春小麦分别有32份和15份,频率分别为44.44%和46.88%。
含有Dx5亚基的小麦品种面筋强度高;同时具有低黄色素质量分数的品种有利于面条和馒头等面制品色泽的改善。在甘肃省育成的104份冬、春小麦中,有‘陇春22号’、‘静麦10号’、‘陇鉴9343’、‘兰天17’等37份(35.58%)小麦含有优质亚基Dx5,且不是1B/1R易位系。同时含亚基Dx5和 Psy-A1b基因,且不是1B/1R易位系的有‘陇春22号’和‘定西38号’等11份(10.58%)小麦品种。由此可以得出,具有多种优质基因的小麦品种较少。
表4 104份甘肃小麦品种黄色素质量分数t测验
注:不同字母表示差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。
Note:Different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
M.DNA ladder 2000;2.武春3号Wuchun 3;3.武春7号Wuchun 7;4.武春5号Wuchun 5;5.灵台2号Lingtai 2;6.环冬4号Huandong 4;7.陇育2号Longyu 2;8.西峰28Xifeng 28;9.环冬3号Huandong 3;10.中梁23Zhongliang 23;11.中梁24Zhongliang 24;12.天选45Tianxuan 45
图61B/1R标记扩增部分供试材料琼脂糖凝胶电泳
Fig.6Agarose gel electrophoresis of some tested materials amplified by 1B/1R
3讨 论
近年来品质育种越来越受到许多小麦育种家的重视。不同面制品对其品质的要求各异,传统的面食品如面条和馒头等要求色白[30]。研究表明,部分HMW-GS和LMW-GS对改良小麦面筋强度具有重要的作用,特别是优质亚基Dx5+Dy10等的引入,改善了面筋质量[31]。本研究用功能性标记 Dx5、 YP7A、 Bx7、 By9、 By8和 1B/1R 易位系的特异性标记对甘肃省近年来审定的104份小麦品种进行检测,含Dx5、Bx7、By8和By9亚基的频率依次为63.46%、76.92%、52.88%和45.19%。与其他地区相比[20,32-33],含亚基Dx5、By8、 By9和1B/1R易位系的分布频率高于其他麦区,而含Bx7亚基的低于其他麦区。由此可以看出,含单个品质优质亚基的分布频率较高,这些基因在甘肃冬春麦中的分布不同,冬小麦所含的频率高于春小麦。但为今后更好地改善小麦品种的面筋强度,更应继续引进含优质基因品种,并结合相关品质基因标记辅助选择。在生产中,由于大多数冬小麦品种的品质优于春小麦品种,冬小麦品质改良重视程度高于春小麦,在小麦生产和加工中倾向于使用冬小麦品种。
小麦品种中黄色素质量分数的高低与面粉及面制品的色泽紧密相关[32]。甘肃省育成小麦品种表现出 Psy-A1a频率(60.58%)偏高,需加强对小麦色泽的选择,提高面粉白度来满足人们的需求。小麦品质育种应不宜采用含1B/1R易位系的品种作亲本培育优质新品种[34]。而在104份甘肃小麦中,1B/1R易位系品种(45.19%)所占的比例较高。
综上可以得出,在甘肃育成品种中含Dx5、Bx7、By8和By9亚基的频率较高;同时含优质亚基Dx5和 Psy-A1b基因的小麦品种较少。说明近年来甘肃小麦品质育种比较单一,今后应紧密结合分子标记辅助选择,选择携带优质基因的品种充当亲本,聚合多个品质优质基因,加快品质育种进程,改善小麦品质。
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Received 2015-01-05Returned2015-04-30
Foundation itemThe National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31560390); Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201503125-1);the Wheat Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province (No.144JTGA230); the National Agriculture Science Technology Achievement Transformation Fund (No.2014GB2G100140).
First authorLIU Na,female,assistant researcher.Research area:molecular and conventional breeding of wheat.E-mail:592905658@qq.com
(责任编辑:成敏Responsible editor:CHENG Min)
Molecular Marker Characterization of Main Quality Genes in 104 Gansu Wheat Varieties
LIU Na1, CAO Dong2, WANG Shihong1and YANG Wenxiong1
(1.Wheat Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730070, China;2.College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou730070, China)
AbstractSubunits of high molecular weight glutenin, yellow pigment mass fraction and 1B/1R translocation have main impacts on wheat processing quality.In this study, locus specific molecular markers for high molecular mass glutenin subunits of Dx5, Bx7, By8 and By9, PSY, 1B/1R translocation genes were used to characterize 104 wheat varieties to know the distribution of these genes in wheat varieties of Gansu province, and provide parent materials in molecular marker assisted breeding program for wheat with good quality.The results showed that, the frequency of cultivars with genes of Dx5, Bx7, By8, By9 and 1B/1R translocation were 63.46%, 76.92%, 52.88%, 84.62%,45.19% and 45.19%, respectively.The proportion of the allelic variations of Psy-A1a and Psy-A1b in these varieties were 60.58% and 21.15% respectively.Significant differences in yellow pigment mass fraction were detected between the genotypes with Psy-A1a and those with Psy-A1b (P<0.05).Generally, the frequency of single good quality gene for processing traditional food, such as steamed bread and flour, was high, the combination of good quality genes were low and the number of cultivars with high yellow pigment mass fraction was high in wheat cultivars released in Gansu province.
Key wordsGansu wheat; High molecular mass glutenin subunits; Quality genes; Molecular marker
Corresponding authorYANG Wenxiong,male,researcher.Research area:wheat breeding.E-mail:ywxm822@126.com
中图分类号S512.1+2
文献标志码A
文章编号1004-1389(2016)03-0353-08
通信作者:杨文雄,男,研究员,主要从事小麦育种研究。E-mail:ywxm822@126.com
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(31560390);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503125-1);甘肃省小麦工程技术研究中心专项(144JTGA230);国家农业科技成果转化资金(2014GB2G100140)。
收稿日期:2015-01-05修回日期:2015-04-30
网络出版日期:2016-03-06
网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1220.S.20160306.1610.012.html
第一作者:柳娜,女,助理研究员,从事小麦分子和常规育种研究。E-mail:592905658@qq.com
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