the Truth

刘刚义

Part One

语法学家薄冰在其著作中这样表述“亦可用有限动词表持续。在当代英语里，有些有限动词已冲破了上述规则，在某种情况下也可以与since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用表“持续性””。看他的两个例句：

1.The two leaders have met for two hours.

这两位领导人会晤了两个小时。

2.He has visited China for three days.

他在中国进行了三天访问。

薄冰在著作中接着表述“但要注意介词for有时并不表“经历”，而是表“目的”。如：

（11）Ive come only for a few moments.

我来只能待几分钟。

（12）Charlie has gone off to Canada for six months.

查理去加拿大了，要去六个月。”

大家注意薄冰把有限动词表持续列在第一位，而将表目的列在第二位；按照这种观点，牛津高阶英汉双解词典第七版的翻译没有问题。看牛津词典的例句及翻译（词条go的第六释义中的例句及其翻译；短语go away的第二释义中的例句及其翻译）：

3.Richard has gone on leave for two weeks.理查德休假两周了。

4.Theyve gone away for a few days.他们已外出几天了。

而现实情况果真如薄冰所言，for主要用来表持续吗？通过在谷歌搜寻，发现for表持续的情况几乎没有，反而搜到四例for表目的的。可见薄冰的观点已经过时或本来就是错误的，现在语言情况如其著作中表述正好相反。请看网上搜到的范例：

第一例

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· EN：he has gone to Africa for two weeks

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2012-04-10，16：40 #1

katzaiiz

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Hello，

I learnt the difference between "have been" and "have gone" and the difference of meaning of "for" if I use the preterit or the present perfect.

But the sentence "he has gone to Africa for two weeks" means that he left for Africa 2 weeks ago or that he has gone to Africa for a 2-weeks trip？？ and if it is the first or to express the second？

I hope I made myself understandable.

Thanks for your help.

Karine

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2012-04-10，17：01 #2

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Hello，

Yes，you have made yourself understandable.It means the second：he has gone to Africa for a two-week visit.

If I had been taught 'rules' about everything I mightsay，I would have had no time to actually say anything.

第二例

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Boyfriend has gone away for 4 months？

My boyfriend left for South America two days ago to go travelling.I spoke to him before he got on the plane，and for a few minutes on Facebook after arriving at his hostel，but I can't stop feeling sad.Every time I talk to him I end up crying.I know I have four months of this left and I hate it.He'll be back for 2 weeks in May，then off for a month then I'll be with him to travel round South East Asia for 3 months.How can I make myself just get on with my life？ I hate feeling like I'm so pathetic.

· 2 years ago

第三例

The petition had gone on paternity leave for 15 days as per the provisions on January 3 this and joined duty on January 18 on conclusion of it.However，when he got his salary for January he found that his leave had been rejected and salary deducted for the leave period....

（http：//beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article13948.ece）

第四例

My girlfriend has gone away for over 3 months？

Me and my girlfriend are very close.We always spend every night together and were never apart for more then 2 days in whole 2 years of our relationship.I love her very much and i know she loves me.However，a week ago she move abroad for 14 weeks as part of her university course....

（http：//uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index？qid=20100124032857AAIrwwa）

牛津词典第七版是较新版本，理所当然反映最新语言特点。由此可以断定，牛津词典第七版的中方翻译人员的翻译是错误的，正确翻译应为：

5.Richard has gone on leave for two weeks.理查德休假了，要去两周。

6.Theyve gone away for a few days.他们外出了，要去几天。

Part Two

朗文当代英语辞典第四版在m1第四条a）的解释如下：only a little or hardly at all，并给出第一个例句：‘Did you enjoy it？‘No，not much.a little大家中学就知道是肯定语气，即使加上副词only仍然不能改变这种语气；or的作用之一是引出解释性词语，即hardly at all是对前者的解释，而它的语气是否定的。可以看出or的前后两者语气是矛盾的。再把only a little替换到辞典的例句中：‘Did you enjoy it？‘No，only a little.no和only a little在逻辑上是讲不通的，在语气上也是矛盾的。由此可见，辞典第四版中的only a little的a必须去掉才对。

Part Three

翻遍中国大陆所有英汉词典，包括高中和大学英语教材，只有牛津高阶英汉双解词典第四版将invade第一含义解释为“武装进入（一国或一领地）”，其余一律将invasion、invade 解释为“入侵、侵略”。事实果真如此吗？请看商德福在其著作《欧美广播电视新闻英语》中的两则新闻：

1.With the administration sharply countering the critics of its war policies，Vice President Dick Cheney on Monday is to deliver another speech defending the decision to invade Iraq in March 2003.（ABC）

2.Condoleezza Rice was a chief architect of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq as White House national security adviser during President Bushs first term and she accompanied Bush on his own surprise visit to Iraq on Thanksgiving Day 2003.（USA TODAY）

ABC 和 USA TODAY 都是美国媒体，其新闻中的invade、invasion 可能是“入侵、侵略”吗？

英国学者Anthony Ward 在全新版大学英语第四册第一单元text B中十处使用invasion、invade来描述有史以来规模最大、最具雄心的正义军事行动诺曼底登陆，此时它们是“入侵、侵略”吗？

再看自由的百科全书“维基百科”英文版中对invasion的定义原文（下划线和黑体为作者所加）

Definition[edit source]

The term invasion usually denotes a strategic endeavor of substantial magnitude；because the goals of an invasion are usually large-scale and long-term，a sizeable force is needed to hold territory，and protect the interests of the invading entity.Smaller-scale，tactical cross-border actions，such as skirmishes，sorties，raids，infiltrations or guerrilla warfare，are not generally considered invasions.A military endeavor to take back territory that is tenuously held by an initial invader during the course of war is instead generally called a counter-offensive.

Military operations that occur within the territory of a single geopolitical entity are sometimes termed "invasions" if armed forces enter into a well defined part of that territory that，at the time of the operation，was completely under the control of armed forces of another faction in a civil war or insurrection.For example，many such operations of both the American Revolutionary War and the American Civil War are called invasions even though they did not involve entry of armies from foreign nations.

The term does not imply the presence or lack of justification for the action，and the morality or immorality of a military operation does not determine whether it is so termed.For example，two sets of World War II military operations—by Germans against Poland in 1939 and by Allies against Nazi controlled France in 1944—are often called the Invasion of Poland and Invasion of Normandy，respectively.Both military operations are properly called invasions because they involved an outside force entering territory not under its authority or control at the time.

由此可见，invasion、invade正确的理解应该是“武装进入（一国或一领地）”，根据上下文可以翻译为 “进攻、攻占、登陆等”。希望中国大陆的读者朋友切记切记！