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擒“错”先擒“谓”

时间:2024-06-03

郭昊

高考英语短文改错一直是很多考生发挥极不稳定的部分,无论是之前以“行”为单位设错,还是目前以“篇章”为单位设错。究其原因,主要是因为大家不知该从何处下手,进而无法有效找到错误。那么,如何在有限的时间内找出一篇文章中的错误呢?根据笔者多年的教学经验,要擒“错”,先要擒“谓”。下面我们具体来看如何通过擒“谓”来擒“错”。

擒“谓”,顾名思义,就是从谓语动词入手,来看看其本身或与其相关的成分是否有错。一般来说,通过擒“谓”要找的错误有两种:谓语动词直接错误和谓语动词间接错误。下面我们分类来看。

所谓谓语动词直接错误,是指错误直接发生在谓语动词身上。一般来说,时态错误、一致性错误(包括主谓不一致和并列谓语形式不一致)以及缺少谓语是常见的谓语动词直接错误,这些错误在每年的高考题中都会出现1~2个,并且都比较简单。下面我们来看几道历年的高考真题(需要说明的是,有的真题虽然年份比较久远,但都是这类错误中的经典考题,值得大家细细研究和体会)。

①They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to my studies ... (2001年全国卷)

【观察】在这两个简单句中,第一句话的谓语动词did not want是一般过去时,第二句话的谓语动词want是一般现在时,两句主语一致,但谓语动词时态不一致。

【修改】本题属于谓语动词时态错误。由于全文使用的是一般现在时,故应将第一句中的did改为do。

②One evening she told me that something happened when her parents was out. (2004年福建卷)

【观察】本句为“一主二从”复合句,主句的谓语动词是told,that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词是happened,when引导的时间状语从句的谓语是was,这三个谓语动词从时态角度来看均无错。但从主谓一致角度来看,很明显时间状语从句中的was和主语her parents是不匹配的。

【修改】本题属于主谓不一致错误,由于parents是复数,所以应把was改为were。

③As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories. (2002年全国卷)

【观察】本句出现主从复合句,主句包含fed、visiting、told三个动词,由句意和并列连词and可知,三者应为并列谓语,很明显visiting与另外两个谓语动词形式不一致。

【修改】本题属于并列谓语形式不一致错误,应将visiting改为visited。

④There will an important game next month. (2003年安徽卷)

【观察】本句是there be句型,句中有助动词will,但缺少了谓语动词be。

【修改】本题属于缺少谓语的情况,应在will后加be。

所谓谓语动词间接错误,是指错误发生在与谓语动词相关的其他成分上,比如状语、表语、宾语等。常见的谓语动词间接错误包括形容词与副词相关错误、及物动词与不及物动词所接宾语的错误、非谓语动词运用错误、状语从句引导词逻辑错误、修饰谓语的时间和地点状语错误等。我们在找错的时候可以把谓语动词作为主线,顺藤摸瓜,提高找错效率。下面我们来看几道历年的高考真题。

①My pronunciation was terribly. (2005年全国II卷)

【观察】本句为主系表结构,通常容易设错的地方为系动词的时态,此处系动词的时态没有问题。当系动词没有问题时看表语,表语通常为名词和形容词,而此题表语却为副词。

【修改】本题属于副词相关错误,应将副词terribly改为形容词terrible。

②One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher. (2003年全国卷)

【观察】本句是并列句,含有两个谓语动词wrote、showed,且二者均为及物动词。但仔细观察可发现showed后面无宾语。

【修改】本句属于及物动词缺少宾语的情况。根据上文内容,要给老师看的是a little story,为避免重复,在showed后添加代词it即可。

③As you are very popular with us Chinese high school students, we'd like to invite for you to the exhibition. (2008年海南卷)

【观察】本句主句谓语为would like to invite,其中invite是及物动词,可以直接接宾语,不需要加介词。

【修改】本题属于及物动词后加了介词的错误,应将for删掉。

④Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express myself in simple English. (2003年全国卷)

【观察】本句主句中含有began、enjoy、talk多个动词,began是过去式,符合谓语特点,enjoy前有不定式to,为非谓语动词,而talk是动词原形,也符合谓语特点。根据语法规则,本句中的began和talk只能有一个是谓语。

【修改】本题属于非谓语动词运用错误。根据enjoy后接动名词作宾语的用法,本句应把talk改为talking。

下面以2014年新课标I卷短文改错题为例来看如何通过擒“谓”来擒“错”。

Nearly five years before, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden. Since then—for all these year—we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As result, the plants are growing somewhere. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste. There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors. Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!

第一步,阅读文章各句,定位谓语动词直接错误。阅读本篇文章,可发现第二句出现谓语动词直接错误。

Since then—for all these year—we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.

【解析】本句谓语动词是had been allowing,根据时间状语since then可知,本句要用现在完成进行时,所以应把had改为have。

第二步,阅读剩余句子,寻找谓语动词间接错误。本篇文章中除了第三、五句,剩余句子中都出现了谓语动词间接错误。下面我们具体来看。

①Nearly five years before, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes in our back garden.

【解析】本句谓语动词是planted,句子基本成分没有问题,然后看修饰planted的时间状语nearly five years before,由于谓语动词用的是一般过去时,所以此处要用ago,不能用before,before常与完成时连用。

②The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.

【解析】本句是主系表结构,句子主语和系动词都没有问题,然后看表语,表语描述的是水果的大小、味道等,在此应用形容词,三个词语small、juicy、taste中只有taste不是形容词,所以应把taste改为形容词tasty。

③Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.

【解析】逗号前后的两个句子都有谓语,且去掉句首的连词后都是完整的句子。此时,要么加从属连词构成从句,要么加并列连词构成复合句,句子才符合语法规则。而该句既有从属连词although,又有并列连词but,使得句子一半像复合句,一半像并列句。故本句应去掉but,或将but改为yet,形成语意上的转折关系。许多同学只知道although和but不可连用,却不知其所以然,希望上述解释可以让大家彻底理解其中缘由。

④We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!

【解析】本句谓语动词是are growing,wonderfully看似作状语修饰谓语,而实则是作定语修饰tomatoes,故应把副词wonderfully改为其形容词形式wonderful。

第三步,阅读全文,寻找其他错误。除了上述谓语动词直接错误和间接错误,剩下的错误常考查的是介词搭配错误(比如with the help by中的by应改为of)、名词单复数错误(比如for all these year中的year应改为years)、冠词的固定搭配错误(比如As result应改为As a result)、语言逻辑错误(比如growing somewhere应改为growing everywhere)、形容词用法错误(so much中的much改为many)等。这类错误通常比较明显,只要大家有扎实的基础,做题时细致一些,全部找出来应该不成问题。

综上来看,要高效擒“错”,抓住谓语动词是关键。希望这样的解题思路能大大提高同学们做短文改错的效率,最终轻松攻克短文改错。

In the Southeast Asian country of Thailand (formerly called Siam), it was a national tradition to present the emperor with any white elephant that was captured. These rare elephants were sacred (神圣的) to the emperor. It was commonly believed that if the emperor became dissatisfied with one of his nobles, he would order a white elephant sent to him. Unable to use or destroy the sacred animal, the noble was forced to bear the cost of maintaining the huge beast. In 1629, the emperor of Siam sent King Charles I of England an elephant (records do not say whether it was white). The cost of its maintenance became a great drain (消耗) on the royal treasury. Gradually, the phrase "white elephant" came to designate (指明)possessions that are expensive but useless.

第一步,阅读文章各句,定位谓语动词直接错误。阅读本篇文章,可发现第二句出现谓语动词直接错误。

Since then—for all these year—we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.

【解析】本句谓语动词是had been allowing,根据时间状语since then可知,本句要用现在完成进行时,所以应把had改为have。

第二步,阅读剩余句子,寻找谓语动词间接错误。本篇文章中除了第三、第五句,剩余句子中都出现了谓语动词间接错误。下面我们具体来看。

①Nearly five years before, and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes in our back garden.

【解析】本句谓语动词是planted,句子基本成分没有问题,然后看修饰planted的时间状语nearly five years before,由于谓语动词用的是一般过去时,所以此处要用ago,不能用before,before常与完成时连用。

②The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.

【解析】本句是主系表结构,句子主语和系动词都没有问题,然后看表语,表语描述的是水果的大小、味道等,在此应用形容词,三个词语small、juicy、taste中只有taste不是形容词,所以应把taste改为形容词tasty。

③Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.

【解析】逗号前后的两个句子都有谓语,且去掉句首的连词后都是完整的句子。此时,要么加从属连词构成从句,要么加并列连词构成复合句,句子才符合语法规则。而该句既有从属连词although,又有并列连词but,使得句子一半像复合句,一半像并列句。故本句应去掉but,或将but改为yet,形成语意上的转折关系。许多同学只知道although和but不可连用,却不知其所以然,希望上述解释可以让大家彻底理解其中缘由。

④We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!

【解析】本句谓语动词是are growing,wonderfully看似作状语修饰谓语,而实则是作定语修饰tomatoes,故应把副词wonderfully改为其形容词形式wonderful。

第三步,阅读全文,寻找其他错误。除了上述谓语动词直接错误和间接错误,剩下的错误常考查的是介词搭配错误(比如with the help by中的by应改为of)、名词单复数错误(比如for all these year中的year应改为years)、冠词的固定搭配错误(比如As result应改为As a result)、语言逻辑错误(比如growing somewhere应改为growing everywhere)、形容词用法错误(so much中的much改为many)等。这类错误通常比较明显,只要大家有扎实的基础,做题时细致一些,全部找出来应该不成问题。

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