英语“短文改错”纵横谈

河南 王令凤

近几年，短文改错题型正逐渐被一些省、市的中考英语试卷所采用。短文改错题是集语法知识与语言技能为一体的综合性试题，旨在考查考生对语言的评价与校正的能力，以及对词汇、语法和语篇三要素的把握能力。

一、选材特点

短文改错题的材料多为以第一、三人称为主的记叙文和应用文（以书信为主），每篇短文120～150词。所选取的语言材料内容多为考生所熟知的，话题也贴近现实生活，有的带点儿幽默意味，有的具有潜在教育意义。材料中的文字浅显易懂，句子结构简单，语言符合表达习惯。

二、题型分类

一般来说，短文改错题的考查形式可以分为下列三种类型：

1.画线提示型

画线提示型短文改错题多以记叙文为素材，话题比较常见，篇章的难易程度符合初中学生的认知水平，文章以简单句为主。该类题型的形式是给出一段或数段短文，将其排列成若干行，错误的单词下面已经用下划线予以标出，以此作为答题的提示信息。例如：

2018·广元中考题

下面短文中的画线部分是错误的，请改正，但不得改变原文意思，并将答案写在答题相应的位置上。

Oliver Twistis one of the more famous stories (1)________

for Charles Dickens.Set in the nineteenth century,it is about a boy (2)________

calling Oliver who finds himself alone in the world.He lives in a (3)_________

special house for poor people and always has a empty stomach.One (4)_________

day,he asks for more food and gets into trouble!

Later,OliverrunsawaytoLondon.There he meets some boys who steal money and other things.They teach Oliver steal too,though (5)________

Oliver does not want to because he is a good child.After many difficulties Oliver is took home by a kind old man.In the end,Oliver discovers that (6)_________

the kind man is a relative,and he goes to live with him in the city.

There are many reasons why Oliver Twist is so a popular story. (7)________

There are also a lot of action in the book,and it is also very humorous. (8)_________

The writer was also very good at write about the (9)_________every day lives of poor children in London in the nineteenth (10)________

century—his book made people care more about the problems of poor children.

【参考答案】(1)most (2)by (3)called(4)an (5)to steal(6)taken (7)such (8)is(9)writing (10)everyday

2.分行改正型

分行改正型短文改错题所涉及的话题比较广泛，篇章内容会稍难些，行文以简单句为主，有时也会涉及几个浅显的复合句。该类题型的形式是给出一段或数段短文，将其排列成若干行，其中有十处错误。要求考生直接找出其中的错误，并将错误部分与改正后的内容写在该句子末尾的横线上，但不涉及加词或删词的情况。例如：

2018·齐齐哈尔中考题

阅读短文，从原文中找出十处错误并改正，不加词，不删词。

（例如：Lily always go to school on foot.go—goes）

Are you the kind of person who like to move with music?Even little (1)_________

child start jumping up and down when they hear music.Scientists say that animals(2)________

dance,too.But their dancing is different.The “dances” of animals send messages to others (3)_________

animals.And when people dance,they express feelings about life and love.Dances are (4)_________

good for you with many ways.For one thing,dancing is good for your physically.It makes(5)________

your heart work and make you breathe fast.It also makes you use your arms and your legs. (6)________

If you go dancing often,you can keep health.You may feel very tired after dancing,but you (7)_________

will probably also feel relaxing.This is another important point about dancing.It gives you(8)________

a chance to express your feelings and feel better about you. (9)________

Ifyou are angry or upsetabout something,dancing helps those feelings going away. (10)________

【参考答案】(1)like—likes (2)child—children(3)others—other (4)And—But (5)with—in (6)make—makes (7)health—healthy(8)relaxing—relaxed (9)you—yourself(10)going—go/to go

3.不加提示型

不加提示型短文改错题的短文体裁以记叙文为主，题材也会很常见，篇章的难易程度较画线提示型和分行改正型稍简单些。短文以简单句为主，偶尔涉及并列句或简单的复合句。该类题型的形式是，对原短文材料不刻意设置行数，也不标示出待修改的具体位置（即无提示痕迹）。文中共有5或10处错误（每句中最多有两处），错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。要求在缺词处加一个漏字符号∧，并在其下面写出该加的词，把多余的词用“＼”划掉。错的词，在其下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。例如：

2018·枣庄中考题

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误。每句中最多有两处。错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号∧，并在其下面写出该增加的词。删除：把多余的词用“＼”划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1.每处的错误及其修改均仅限一词。

2.只允许修改10处，超出10处不予计分。

What would people like to eat on their birthday?The answer would be differently in different countries.In much countries,people have birthday cakes with candles.The number of candles are the person’s age.The birthday person must make a wish and blow the candles.In the UK,people sometimes put a candy in a birthday cake.The child with a candy is lucky.In China,it is getting popular for the Chinese to have cake on their birthday.But many people still eat very long noodles for their birthday.They never cut up the noodles because of the long noodles are a symbol of long life.In some places,Chinese people also ate eggs on their birthday.They are a symbol of life and good luck.All of these birthday food may be different,and the ideas are the same.They take good luck to the birthday person.

【参 考 答 案 】What would people like to eat on their birthday?The answer would bein different countries.Incountries,people have birthday cakes with candles.The number of candlesthe person's age.The birthday person must make a wish and blowthe candles.In the UK,people sometimes put a candy in a birthday cake.The child withcandy is lucky.In China,it is getting popular for the Chinese to have cake on their birthday.But many people still eat very long noodles for their birthday.They never cut up the noodles becausethe long noodles are a symbol of long life.In some places,Chinese people alsoeggs on their birthday.They are a symbol of life and good luck.All of these birthdaymay be different,the ideas are the same.Theygood luck to the birthday person.

三、考点点拨

短文改错题所涉及的考点，是学生在写作中容易出错的地方。在短文改错题型中，常出现的考查要点有以下几类：

1.名词的误用。单复数用错，可数与不可数名词的混用，名词所有格错误等。例如：

①We also planted some tree.

【2018·黄石中考题】

【参考答案】tree改为trees。

②...and many of them even went in to David garden.

【2018·天水中考题】

【参考答案】David改为David's。

2.代词的误用与漏用等。例如：

①I hope your school is big and clean with a large dining hall.

【2018·荆门中考题】

【参考答案】your改为my。

②I find very convenient to go anywhere with a bike.

【2017·雅安中考题】

【参考答案】在find后加it。

3.动词的时态、语态或非谓语动词的误用等。例如：

①I'd like tell you something about our school.

【2018·自贡中考题】

【参考答案】tell改为to tell。

②People live a hard life.

【2018·遂宁中考题】

【参考答案】liv e改为lived。

4.冠词的混用、多余或缺失等。

①After the class,I can play chess and basketball.

【2018·荆门中考题】

【参考答案】删除the。

②In the morning,we went to a People's Park at 8：30 by bus.

【2018·黄石中考题】

【参考答案】a改为the。

③He lives in a special house for poor people and always has a empty stomach.

【2018·广元中考题】

【参考答案】后一个a改为an。

5.介词的误用、多余或缺失等。例如：

①We think it's our duty to take good care our environment.

【2018·黄石中考题】

【参考答案】在care之后加of。

②You can see many cars and high buildings in everywhere.

【2018·遂宁中考题】

【参考答案】删除介词in。

6.主谓一致性的错误。例如：

①Are you the kind of person who like to move with music?

【2018·齐齐哈尔中考题】

【参考答案】like改为likes。

②The ground and public walls was very dirty.

【2018·黄石中考题】

【参考答案】was改为were。

7.单词不合逻辑关系、多用或少用等。例如：

①And when people dance,they express feelings about life and love.

【2018·齐齐哈尔中考题】

【参考答案】And改为But。

②So we began to pick up the rubbish or clean the public walls.

【2018·黄石中考题】

【参考答案】or改为and。

8.同（近）义词（组）的混用。

①They take good luck to the birthday person.

【2018·枣庄中考题】

【参考答案】take改为bring。

②They gave me much chances to make my own decisions.

【2017·黑河中考题】

【参考答案】much改为many。

9.分不清形容词与副词，疏忽比较级的用法等。例如：

①...,the world will become more and more beautifully.

【2018·黄石中考题】

【参考答案】beautifully改为beautiful。

②They are working hardly in order to make it much rich and more attractive.

【2018·遂宁中考题】

【参考答案】rich改为richer。