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番木瓜籽中异硫氰酸苄酯抗癌抑菌功能研究进展

时间:2024-07-28

朱华平,赵毅蒙,李超,李文钊,刘玉茜

(1.中国农村技术开发中心,北京 100045)(2.食品营养与安全教育部重点实验室,天津科技大学食品工程与生物技术学院,天津 300457)

番木瓜(Carica Papaya),又称为番果、万寿果、木瓜[1],生长周期相对较短,番木瓜中含有丰富的营养物质,如糖类、蛋白质、维生素、木瓜酶、有机酸、高纤维以及钾、钙、镁、铁和硒等矿物元素。据报道,番木瓜富含17种以上人体必需氨基酸,维生素C含量高达50 mg/100 g,有显著的预防心血管疾病和肿瘤的功效[2]。番木瓜中含有大量的天然抗氧化剂-β-胡萝卜素,能有效抑制破坏身体的细胞和加速衰老的游离氧化自由基[3]。番木瓜中的蛋白酶可以降解蛋白质为氨基酸,这种特性在医学上被用来溶解甚至杀死肠道寄生虫,对于一些消化不良、食欲萎靡、脾胃无力和慢性胃炎等病症也可起到调理作用;此外,番木瓜汁对创伤口具有杀菌消炎的作用,可以用于坏死组织的溶解和清创[4]。另外,番木瓜中的脂肪酶还可以帮助分解、消化脂肪,起到保健美形以及减肥作用。番木瓜的果肉、叶、籽均具有药用、食用价值[5,6],具有护肝、抗炎镇痛、抗肿瘤、抗菌和抗氧化等作用,因此,番木瓜是一种极具营养价值和保健功效的水果。然而,由于其是一种呼吸跃变型热带水果[7],易受冷害,腐烂变质速度极快,在5 ℃贮藏时,其完熟果就可遭受损坏,贮藏保鲜难度大。因此,目前我国番木瓜主要作为水果鲜食,作蔬菜煮熟食或者腌食,还多用于产品加工[8],如果酱、果干[9,10]、番木瓜果汁、果酒、番木瓜粉[11,12]、果脯蜜饯、果泥以及番木瓜饮料的加工[13~15]等。

番木瓜副产品加工则主要集中在番木瓜籽榨油及果皮中果胶、木瓜蛋白酶的提取等方面[16]。难能可贵的是它的籽内含有苄基硫代葡萄糖苷(Glucosinolate,GS),这种糖苷可在芥子酶的作用下,经过水解提取纯化制备异硫氰酸苄酯(Benzyl isothiocyanate,BITC)。BITC在番木瓜种子中含量较高,但在番木瓜果肉中的含量却很低,几乎检测不到。由于BITC本身具有多种生理功能,番木瓜籽作为BITC的一种良好来源,具有分布广、品种多、易获取等优点,因而具有潜在的开发应用价值。本文结合国内外相关文献,综述了番木瓜籽中 BITC防癌抗癌以及抑菌性能研究进展[17],以期为实现番木瓜的综合高效开发利用,提高番木瓜籽商品附加值,形成具发展潜力的特色产业,延伸番木瓜产业链,提供一定的理论基础。

1 番木瓜籽中的BITC

图1 异硫氰酸酯(Isothiocyanates,ITCs)和异硫氰酸苄酯(Benzyl isothiocyanate,BITC)结构式Fig.1 Structural formula of isothiocyanates and benzyl isothiocyanate

番木瓜籽本身营养价值高,还含有丰富的 GS。GS是一种次生代谢产物,常见于十字花科植物[18]。目前,虽不能证明其存在直接的生理功能,但当植物受损时,在不同的条件下,GS与内源硫苷酶发生反应,可降解成为具有生物活性的一系列代谢产物,其中以异硫氰酸酯类(Isothiocyanates,ITCs)最受关注[19]。有研究表明 ITCs具有较强的防腐抗菌[20]和抗癌抑癌[21]作用。此外,ITCs的特殊气味也是水果被赋予特殊风味的源泉[22]。

番木瓜各部位的测定结果表明,BITC的前体物质以种子的含量为最高,成熟果肉中几乎没有[23]。目前,已有相关研究采用比色法、气相色谱等分析检测方法可以测得番木瓜籽提取物中存在较高含量的BITC[24]。由于番木瓜籽是番木瓜加工过程中的废弃物,一直以来未被合理开发利用,造成了极大的资源浪费[25,26]。

BITC(结构如图1所示)主要存在于白菜花目十字花科的某些植物中,如卷心菜(Cabbage)、油菜(Brassicana-pus)、萝卜(Raphanussativus)、旱金莲(Tropaeolum)、拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)、水芹(Watercelery)、抱子甘蓝(Brusselssprout)等。BITC热稳定性不是很好,在使用和保存时要避免高温[27]。

番木瓜数量庞大,研究表明可在番木瓜的各组织中检测到BITC的前体GS以及BITC,在成熟果肉中这两类物质含量很低,但在番木瓜籽中含量很高而且仅可检测出这两类物质。因此番木瓜籽可用于提取高纯度 GS和BITC。BITC的生物合成途径文献报道如下[28]。

2 BITC的防癌抗癌研究进展

ITCs不仅是一类重要的有机合成中间体,还是重要的含硫含氮香料化合物。流行病学研究发现十字花科中大量植物所含的 ITCs具有防癌、抑癌作用[29],这种化合物被证明可以降低肿瘤发生的几率[30,31]。目前,已有20多种天然或合成的ITCs被认为是共同的抗癌活性物质,并且ITCs已被证明对多种实体肿瘤和血液肿瘤都存在抗癌作用[32,33]。BITC则是ITCs中的一种公认抑癌防癌效果较强的物质。

有研究表明BITC,甚至是ITCs,对癌症的抑制大多体现在其对蛋白质的影响。有文献显示:减少致癌因子的产生有两种机制,抑制phase Ⅰ酶的产生以及诱导活化phase Ⅱ酶[34],这类结论的着手点是,肿瘤产生的源头-致癌因子,这是一种通过由phase Ⅰ酶代谢所产生的氧化反应被高度活化的中间产物与DNA形成的加和物;Phase Ⅱ酶则具有破坏致癌因子高度活化的中央结构的能力,这种酶还可以使致癌因子转变成极性大的易于排出体外的分子,它可以给活化的中间产物解毒[35~37]。另外有文献指出BITC可通过多种信号传导途径参与抑制肿瘤细胞生长的过程,并可以使癌细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期[38,39],它的药理作用被推测可能是抑制代谢酶细胞色素氧化酶的活性[40]。此外,还有研究显示BITC可以强烈激活胱冬肽酶[41]或者可以停滞肿瘤细胞的生长周期[42],还可以对肿瘤细胞核转录因子活性起到抑制作用[43];甚至可以对肿瘤细胞微管蛋白进行诱导而导致其结构发生改变,这些蛋白主要是细胞骨架必需的蛋白[44],进而在一些人类细胞系中诱导肿瘤细胞程序化凋亡[45]。在日本进行的一项新研究显示过剩堆积的大肠细胞内异常蛋白质会导致致癌因子的活跃进而导致了癌细胞的不断增殖,而番木瓜籽中提取出的BITC对该类蛋白质的抑制会降低癌症的发病率。

对于抑癌部分的研究,探讨BITC对蛋白质的影响的是大多数,还有一部分研究认为BITC的这种抑制效应与其阻遏致癌因子的形成主要是通过抑制致癌原的羟化而发挥作用,它会抑制致癌原加和物形成过程中的关键步骤[46]。还有文献显示BITC可以通过调节细胞内的凋亡相关信号通路以及转录因子,它还会影响细胞氧化损伤来抑制肿瘤细胞的生长[47,48]。

对于BITC的抗癌研究的构效关系,有文献通过计算结构信息含量指数(SIC)发现,具有 R-(CH2)n-NCS结构的异硫氰酸酯类,随着亚甲基的增加,抗癌活性逐渐降低[49]。

而且据国内外学者研究报道,番木瓜籽中的BITC具有杀死癌细胞的作用,而且可以在不破坏体内正常细胞的同时可以使癌细胞凋亡,对常见致死率极高的宫颈癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、消化道癌症、肝癌及胰腺癌等都有一定的抑制作用[26],像这种高效纯天然,毒副作用低的物质若能被用来开发成抗癌药物,潜力巨大。但于此同时它的抗癌机理却没有彻底弄清,所以现阶段对机理的研究应该是重点。

3 BITC抑菌性能的研究进展

早期研究表明BITC对病原生物,例如细菌、真菌和寄生虫等有抗性作用,并对该方面进行了大量研究[50,51]。结果表明,以番木瓜为首的十字花科植物中提取出来的BITC的抗性较强[28]。

有很多文献对BITC的抑菌性做了定性分析。如Isshiki等[52]在1992年测定了BITC抑制霉菌、细菌和酵母菌的生长情况,结果发现虽然其对各种病原微生物的抑制效果有差异,但都受到了抑制;Ono等[53,54]在1998年研究了山葵中的BITC的抑菌效果,它对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella)等细菌具有较强的抑菌效果;有学者[55]以微小枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为模式菌株,以未添加BITC为对照组,通过测定微生物的生长曲线,发现控制BITC的加入量,在不致死细菌的浓度下,可以延长微生物的延滞期,并认为BITC对细菌生长有一定的抑制作用;还有学者[56]则对BITC对面包中黄曲霉、青霉属以及内孢毒素等抑制作用进行了研究,发现当BITC浓度为3.5 μg/mL时,该物质对真菌也存在很强的抑制作用;还有团队研究了BITC对冷藏牛肉中筛选出来的大肠杆菌的抑菌性能,并进一步探究了它的作用方式;在肉制品保藏实验中,发现BITC可以延长肉品保鲜期,且效果显著[57]等等。

番木瓜籽提取物BITC的抑菌活性虽已被证实,但其抑菌机理还有待进一步明确。主要观点包括:BITC影响了致病菌的细胞壁的结构和功能[58];BITC对致病菌的影响体现在对其体内蛋白表达上[59];有些研究[60]认为BITC对致病菌的影响并不单单体现在某一个问题上,应该是多种原因产生的复杂结果。另外对于BITC抑菌的构效关系也有相关研究,这些[61,62]比较了不同十字花科植物中提出的ITCs的抑菌效果,得出了BITC在抑菌方面效果最好,并发现在结构上无论是大小基团的添加或者消去都会导致抑菌活性的改变,例如一个亚基的存在、分子的大小以及烃链的长度等。通过研究者的结果发现,BITC在抑菌性的构效关系的加强和减弱和抗癌作用有着相似的原理。

大多数研究者在研究BITC时,把注意力放在对BITC抑菌性的定性上,但是对于BITC是如何抑菌的,抑菌的根本点是在对致病菌外环境的影响?是对致病菌结构的影响?还是对致病菌代谢的影响?却没有一致明确的结论。BITC的抑菌性相较其防癌抑癌方面的研究破浅,但是投入研究的热潮却没有停歇。“天然、安全”作为现代科技争相求取的关键所在,BITC作为由植物中提取的抑菌功能强大的一种天然物质,具有深入探究的潜力。相较于抗生素,这类可以从食物中提取出来的物质,如果可以达到抑菌甚至是杀菌效果,作为保鲜类、洗涤类和灭菌类等产品进行研究开发,不失为更佳选择。

4 讨论与展望

番木瓜产地广阔,使得番木瓜籽易于采集,而且从中提取BITC时干扰物少,提取方法简易纯度高。BITC是番木瓜籽中含量较高的物质,而番木瓜籽是不可食用的废料,用起来既便利廉价,又可变废为宝。BITC早已被证明不仅具有很强的抗癌抑癌功效,还具有很强的抑菌能力,但就开发相关产品来说,抗癌方面虽有一定的机理探讨,但结论不够明确统一,此外,临床实验,药理毒理,用量控制等方面的实验也应该进一步设计模型进行实验探究;而抑菌方面的研究大多停留在定性,虽然开发BITC相关功能产品潜力大,但在理论上却没有相应的结论支撑。因此,进一步推进对BITC相关功效的机理研究,为番木瓜籽的综合开发利用奠定理论基础是前提。

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