时间:2024-07-28
吴敏杰 姬玲粉 宋昕 韩渭丽③ 赵学科 张唐娟 范宗民 王苒 吕双 陈培楠 卢帅王立东
·食管癌专栏·
494例食管腺鳞癌临床特征和治疗分析*
吴敏杰①②姬玲粉②宋昕②韩渭丽②③赵学科②张唐娟②范宗民②王苒②吕双①②陈培楠②卢帅②王立东②
摘要目的:探讨食管腺鳞癌(esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma,EASC)的临床特征、治疗方式及预后,加深对EASC的认识。方法:494例EASC患者均来自河南省食管癌重点开放实验室50万例食管癌和贲门癌临床信息资料库,其中男性361例,平均年龄(61.47±8.32)岁;女性133例,平均年龄(65.56±8.06)岁。采用SPSS 21.0软件进行各组间差异分析,寿命表法计算5年生存率,运用线性回归分析比较不同时间段高低发区发生率的关系。结果:本组资料同期EASC检出率为0.196%(494/251 707),男性EASC明显多于女性(男:女=2.71:1);男性和女性高发年龄段均为60~69岁(39.6%vs.40.6%)。男性患者发病率呈下降趋势(R2= 0.063),而女性呈上升趋势(R2=0.004)。此外,食管癌低发区EASC发生率明显高于高发区(53.1%vs.46.9%,P<0.001)。参照食管癌TNM分期标准,Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期患者居多,均占40.8%(173/424);淋巴结阳性转移率为47.0%(206/438),淋巴结阳性转移枚数以1~2个居多,阳性率为48.5%(100/206)。此外,行术前活检病理467例中,术前正确诊断率仅53.96%(252/467)。治疗方式以单纯手术为主,占88.8%(419/472),单纯放疗化疗者仅占1.9%(9/472)。不吸烟不饮酒男性患者5年生存率比单纯吸烟男性者高(26.5%vs.12.1%);Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ+Ⅳ期患者行单纯手术治疗后3年生存率依次为64.7%、50.9%、48.5%;而3个TNM分期患者手术+放化疗后3年生存率依次为51.7%、47.8%、33.1%。结论:EASC是食管恶性肿瘤中罕见的类型,术前活检病理诊断误诊率高,吸烟影响患者预后,EASC者易发生淋巴结转移,单纯手术治疗效果较其他治疗方式好。
关键词食管腺鳞癌病理类型治疗生存率
食管腺鳞癌(esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma,EASC)是一种非常罕见的食管恶性肿瘤,组织学特征是鳞状细胞癌和腺癌组织混合存在[1]。国内外有关EASC文献报道最大样本量不足40例[2],多数为个案报道[3],其临床流行病学和病理学特征尚不清楚,缺乏临床治疗方式选择和疗效评价的依据。本研究旨在通过分析494例EASC患者临床病理特征、治疗方式和预后,加深对EASC的认识。
1.1材料
1.1.1研究对象494例EASC患者均来自郑州大学第一附属医院河南省食管癌重点开放实验室50万例食管癌和贲门癌临床信息资料库,其中男性361例(73.1%),平均年龄(61.47±8.32)岁;女性133例(26.9%),平均年龄(63.56±8.06)岁。
1.1.2临床信息收集和随访采用入户问卷调查对食管癌高、低发区人群进行大规模流行病学调查。问卷调查内容主要包括一般信息和家族史等,根据患者提供的治疗医院和时间,到相关治疗医院对其临床及病理等信息加以核对、补充、完善。
采用入户面谈和电话等方式进行定期随访,记录患者生存状况、去世时间及原因等。494例EASC患者中,家庭地址齐全者383例,并对其进行定期随访,随访成功率76.3%(292/383)。
1.2方法
1.2.1诊断标准EASC病理诊断标准:参照日本食管疾病委员会制定标准和本研究组以往诊断标准[1,4-5],本组资料采用显微镜下鳞癌和腺癌组织成分均≥20%作为EASC诊断标准。发生在食管上、中段者,直接界定为EASC;发生在食管下段者,根据肿瘤中心部位与食管和贲门的关系确定。肿瘤中心部位位于食管侧者,界定为EASC;否则不纳入分析。
EASC病理分期和分级:参照UICC-AJCC第7版食管恶性肿瘤TNM分期标准[6-7],根据淋巴结的枚数,将N分期分为N0(无淋巴转移)、N1(1~2个淋巴结转移)、N2(3~6个淋巴结转移)、N3(≥7个淋巴结转移);将临床分期分为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期。1.2.2治疗方式根据统计分析需要,将治疗方式归结为放化疗(包含放疗,化疗,放疗+化疗)、手术、手术+放化疗(包含术前与术后放疗、化疗、放疗+化疗)三大类。
1.2.3食管癌高低发区判定标准食管癌高发区:食管癌发病率≥50/10万以上的地区;低发区:发病率<50/10万以下的地区[8]。
1.3统计学分析
采用SPSS 21.0软件对494例EASC病例资料进行统计学分析。采用卡方检验分析各组患者在一般特征、病理特征以及治疗方面的差异;运用线性回归分析比较不同时间段高低发区发生率的关系;运用寿命表法计算其5年生存率。检验水准设为α<0.05。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2.1EASC检出率、年龄、性别和病理分布特征
50万例食管和贲门癌临床信息资料中,符合食管恶性肿瘤、临床术后病理完整的患者共251 707例,其中494例EASC患者纳入本次研究分析,EASC检出率为0.196%(494/251 707)。
其中男性明显多于女性(73.1%vs.26.9%,表1),男女之比2.71:1。EASC患者男性与女性的高发年龄均为60~69岁。60岁以后,女性患者所占的比重超过男性(Χ2=7.943,P<0.05,表2)。EASC主要发生在食管下段(49.0%),中段次之(46.4%);大体类型以溃疡型为主(58.4%),髓质型次之(25.6%)。分化程度以低分化为主(65.6%),其次为中分化(28.1%)。临床分期以Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期患者居多,均占40.8%(173/424),其次为Ⅰ期占17.7%(75/424),Ⅳ期患者最少,仅3例占0.7%(3/424),见表1。
2.2EASC患者高低发区构成比比较
地址明确的EASC患者有409例,按食管癌高低发区分组,其中高发区患者占46.9%(192/409),低发区占53.1%(217/409)。1978年至今,低发区的患者比例呈上升趋势,2000年以后已经超过高发区患者,组间变化差异具有统计学意义(Χ2=30.037,P<0.001,表1)。运用简单线性回归,将高低发区ESCA患者1978年至2014年间的发生率进行比较,2000年以来,食管癌低发区EASC发生率明显超过高发区(R2= 0.434 vs.R2=0.400,P<0.001,图1)。
2.3EASC的术前活检与术后病理比较
在术后病理明确诊断为EASC的467例患者中,仅252例术前活检病理明确诊断为EASC,占53.9%(252/467),而215例术前活检病理诊断分别为食管鳞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC),占81.9%(176/215)、食管腺癌(EAC)占11.2%(24/215)、疑似腺鳞癌占4.2%(9/215)、不典型增生占2.3%(5/ 215)、食管小细胞癌占0.5%(1/215),总误诊率达到46.03%(215/467)。
表1 不同时间段EASC患者的一般特征 n(%)Table 1 General features of patients with different stages of EASC n(%)
2.4EASC淋巴结转移率
494例EASC患者中,详细记录有治疗方式共472例。其中单纯手术419例(88.8%)、放化疗9例(1.9%)、手术+放化疗44例(9.3%)。淋巴结阳性转移率为47.0%(206/438)。淋巴结转移以N1期(1~2个淋巴结转移)居多,占22.8%(100/438)。
2.5吸烟、饮酒EASC患者生存率
纳入本次分析的患者中,仅1例女性患者有吸烟饮酒史,故本次只分析141例男性EASC患者吸烟、饮酒情况。其中吸烟60例、饮酒3例、吸烟+饮酒49例、不吸烟不饮酒29例;吸烟、吸烟+饮酒、不吸烟不饮酒患者5年生存率依次为12.1%、22.2%、26.5%。
2.6各临床分期患者手术、手术+放化疗生存率
Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ+Ⅳ期的患者总体5年生存率依次为46.3%、43.0%、35.4%。Ⅰ期患者手术治疗后,其3、4、5年生存率依次为64.7%、54.7%、48.2%;Ⅱ期患者手术治疗后,其3、4、5年生存率依次为50.6%、45.0%、43.0%;Ⅲ+Ⅳ期手术治疗后,其3、4、5年生存率依次为48.5%、44.4%、39.7%。采用手术+放化疗的Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ+Ⅳ期患者,其3和4年生存率依次分别为51.7%和51.8%、47.8%和47.7%、33.1%和19.8%。由此可以看出,各临床分期患者行手术治疗生存率高于同期手术+放化疗者。
EASC的检出率仅0.196%,是一种较为罕见的食管恶性肿瘤。EASC的组织学发生尚不清楚,一般认为最初可能起源于鳞癌,而后发生化生出现腺癌成分,或者由腺癌化生而来[9-10]。还有学者认为EASC可能起源于Barrett食管的黏膜上皮[11],另一种解释是EASC可能来自食管固有腺导管和腺上皮的汇合肿瘤[12]。食管癌手术标本癌旁组织中,经常发现食管固有腺导管和导管上皮不典型增生和肠上皮化生,接近食管黏膜表面开口的固有腺导管上皮属鳞状上皮,后者可能是EASC中鳞癌细胞的主要来源。食管固有腺过度增生和不典型增生的好发部位是食管下段,与本前期研究结论一致[12]。
本研究结果显示:EASC术前活检病理正确诊断率仅53.96%(252/467),常被误诊为ESCC占81.9% (176/215),其次是误诊为EAC(5.1%)。文献报道术前活检EASC误诊率为60%~97%[1-2,13-15],主要误诊为ESCC。术前误诊率高的主要原因是活检是一种“点”取材,由于组织过小,鳞癌与腺癌细胞分布不一致,很难同时观察到二种癌细胞成分。多点取材将有助于提高EASC的术前诊断率。
本研究中EASC男女比例为2.71:1,与ESCC、EAC比例相似[16-17]。EASC、EAC高发年龄段(60~69岁)较ESCC(50~60岁)晚[17-18],其原因尚不清楚。EASC、EAC与ESCC大体类型均以溃疡型最常见[19];EASC、EAC分化程度以低分化为主[17],ESCC以中分化为主[20],分化程度越低肿瘤恶性程度越高,或许也是该病预后差的原因之一。
吸烟男性患者5年生存率较吸烟+饮酒、不吸烟不饮酒患者差,吸烟可能影响EASC男性患者的预后,而饮酒可能与其预后无关,目前机制尚不明确。相关报道[21-22]显示:吸烟与ESCC无关,但可增加EAC的发病危险性;饮酒与ESCC、EAC的发生均无相关性。
本研究发现,近40年间食管癌低发区EASC患者所占比例逐步升高,且在2000年以后超过高发区的患者。食管癌低发区EAC也呈现明显上升趋势[17],这一结果提示EASC、EAC与ESCC可能存在不同的发病机制和致病危险因素。
本研究结果显示,EASC手术5年生存率远高于手术+放化疗者,各临床分期手术预后也均优于同期手术+放化疗者。据相关报道[23-24]显示:新辅助放化疗相对于单纯手术可以提高ESCC与EAC的5年生存率。可能EASC与ESCC、EAC病理类型不同有关,也可能因EASC对放疗或化疗不敏感有关。
表2 494例EASC患者4个年龄段性别的比较 n(%)Table 2 Gender comparison among the four age groups of 494 EASC patients n(%)
图1 不同时间段高、低发区ESCA患者发生率的比较Figure 1 Incidence rates of esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma (EASC)patients in 1978-2014 from the high-and low-incidence areas of esophageal cancer.The solid and dotted lines represent the leastsquare linear regression lines during the period of 1978-2014 in high-incidence(dotted)and low-incidence(solid)areas
EASC淋巴结转移率为47.0%,EASC淋巴结转移阳性患者预后比无淋巴结转移患者差(25.9%vs. 52.8%);据报道显示ESCC淋巴结阳性转移率为52.2%,淋巴结转移阳性患者预后比无淋巴结转移者差(16.6%vs.51.9%)[25]。由此可见,EASC较ESCC淋巴结转移率稍低,EASC淋巴结转移阳性患者预后较ESCC稍好。
国内针对EASC相关肿瘤分子标志物的报道研究非常少见,且大多处于实验阶段的研究。有研究提示VEGF可以作为EASC治疗的新靶点[26];卢明芳等[27]认为Ki-67对EAC预后起较好的预测作用;龙思泽等[28]认为COX-2相关的基因治疗EAC可能有较好的前景。EASC属于EAC中的一种病理类型,以上分子生物学指标在EASC中的表达仍需要进一步的研究。
本研究的不足之处是随访成功率较低,仅76.3% (292/383)。因食管癌患者主要发生在农村,受目前新农村建设的影响,许多村庄已消失或正在消失,加之人口迁移频繁等因素是导致低随访率的主要原因。
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(2016-02-20收稿)
(2016-04-30修回)
Analysis of the clinical characteristics and treatment of 494 cases of esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma
Minjie WU1,2,Lingfen JI2,Xin SONG2,Weili HAN2,3,Xueke ZHAO2,Tangjuan ZHANG2,Zongmin FAN2,Ran WANG2,Shuang LV1,2,Peinan CHEN2,Shuai LU2,Lidong WANG2
Correspondence to:Lidong WANG;E-mail:ldwang2007@126.com
1Basic Medical College,Xinxiang Medical University,Xinxiang 453000,China;2Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China;3Basic Medical College,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Committee and Guangdong Province Joint Major Project(No. U1301227),National Ministry of Science and Technology 863 Key Special Project(No.SQ2015AA0202183),and Xinxiang Medical College Graduate Student Research Innovation Support Plan in 2014(No.YJSCX20409Z)
AbstractObjective:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics,treatments,and survival of patients with esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma(EASC).Methods:A total of 494 patients with EASC were selected from the clinical information databases of 500,000 cases with esophageal and gastric cardiac carcinomas in the Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research.Among the 494 EASC cases,361 were males with an average age of 61.47±8.32 years,and 133 were females with an average age of 65.56±8.06 years.SPSS 21.0 software was applied to determine the statistical differences among the different groups.A life-table method was also used to calculate the five-year survival rate.A linear regression model was used to analyze the correlation of changes at different periods.Results:The incidence of EASC in our database was 0.196%(494/251707).EASC occurred predominantly in male patients(male:female=2.71:1.00).The peak age was within 60-69 years in both males and females(39.6%vs.40.6%).Notably,the incidence of male patients showed a downward trend(R2=0.063),whereas that of female patients showed an upward trend(R2=0.004).The prevalence of EASC was obviously higher in low-incidence areas for esophageal cancer than in high-incidence areas(53.1%vs.46.9%,P<0.001).According to the TNM staging criteria for esophageal cancer,phases II and III patients comprised the majority of cases,which accounted for 40.8%(173/424).The positive lymph node metastasis rate was 47.0%(206/438),and the number of positive lymph node metastases ranged within 1-2(48.5%,100/206).In addition,preoperative biopsy was performed in 467 cases,and more than half of the patients(53.96%,252/467)were diagnosed before the operation.Surgical resection was the predominant treatment method for EASC (88.8%,419/472).Only 1.9%patients(9/472)underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy.The five-year survival rate of male patients who were neither smoking nor drinking of alcohol was higher than that of male smokers(26.5%vs.12.1%).In patients with stagesⅠ,Ⅱ,andⅢ+Ⅳcarcinomas with surgery as lone treatment,the three-year survival rates were 64.7%,50.9%,and 48.5%,respectively. Correspondingly,these rates were 51.7%,47.8%,and 33.1%after adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Conclusion:EASC is a rare type of esophageal malignant tumor.The preoperative biopsy pathological diagnosis has high misdiagnosis rate.Smoking and drinking of alcohol can influence the prognosis of patients.In EASC patients,lymph node metastasis easily occurs,and a simple surgery is better than other cancer treatments.
Keywords:esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma,histopathology,treatment,survival
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.12.178
作者单位:①新乡医学院基础医学院(河南省新乡市453000);②郑州大学第一附属医院河南省食管癌重点开放实验室;③郑州大学基础医学院
通信作者:王立东ldwang2007@126.com
作者简介
吴敏杰专业方向为食管癌及贲门癌发病机制。E-mail:mjwu2014@136.com
·读者·作者·编者·
*本文课题受国家自然科学基金委员会-广东省联合重大项目(编号:U1301227)、国家科技部863重点专项(编号:SQ2015AA0202183)、新乡医学院2014年研究生科研创新支持计划项目(编号:YJSCX20409Z)资助
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