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局限期小细胞肺癌胸部放射治疗的研究进展

时间:2024-07-28

许昌根,刘百龙,龚守良,2,刘 敏,董丽华

(1.吉林大学第一医院放疗科,吉林 长春 130021;2. 吉林大学公共卫生学院 卫生部放射生物学重点实验室,吉林 长春 130021)

肺癌是致死率最高的肿瘤,其中小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)约占14%[1-2],分为局限期和广泛期2种[3]。局限期定义为Ⅰ~Ⅲ期(任何T,任何N,M0,排除多个肺结节、太广泛的T3-T4或无法被一个放疗计划包括的肿瘤),如果肿瘤超出局限期范围即为广泛期[4-7],其中局限期SCLC(limited-disease small cell lung cancer,LD-SCLC)占SCLC的1/3[8]。

极早期的LD-SCLC(T1-2N0M0)可以手术治疗,如果术后淋巴结阴性,可给予化疗;若术后淋巴结阳性,需给予术后放化疗[9]。但手术只适用于5%的SCLC患者[10]。EP方案化疗同步放疗是LD-SCLC标准的治疗方案,其中位生存期可以达到16~24个月,5年生存率为25%[11]。对于无法耐受同步放化疗的患者,可以行序贯放化疗,治疗后中位生存期和5年生存率可分别达到14.0~19.7个月和20%[12]。然而,对具体的放疗介入的时机、靶区照射范围、胸部照射剂量及分割方式,尤其是超分割、低分割等问题仍缺乏共识。本文作者将结合最新文献就相关问题进行阐述。

1 放疗的时机

1.1 放疗在化疗开始30 d内介入对于LD-SCLC,胸部放疗联合化疗与单纯化疗比较可以减少25%~30%的局部失败率,2年生存率可提高5%~7%[13-14]。多项研究表明放疗的早期介入效果明显优于晚放疗。当胸部放疗同步铂类化疗时,与晚放疗比较,放疗在化疗开始30 d内介入(早放疗)能够明显提高LD-SCLC患者2年和5年总生存率[15]。De Ruysscher等[16]研究表明:从化疗开始到胸部放疗结束的时间(start of any treatment until the end of radiotherapy,SER) 是影响LD-SCLC生存的最重要因素,如果SER<30 d,5年生存率将超过20%。加拿大国家癌症研究所进行的Ⅲ期临床研究[17]表明:与晚放疗组(第6周 期化疗时介入)比较,早放疗组(第2周期化疗时介入)患者局部和全身控制率明显提高,进而转化为更长的生存。近期的一项Meta分析纳入了12项研究 (2 668例LD-SCLC患者)结果表明:与晚放疗比较,早期的同步放化疗提高了5年总生存率[18]。

1.2 放疗在2~3周期诱导化疗后介入一项韩国的Ⅲ期临床研究[19]表明:与第1周期化疗时加入胸部放疗比较,第3周期化疗时加入胸部放疗在完全缓解率、总生存期(overall survival,OS)及无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)上均无明显差异。如果病灶巨大,放射治疗导致肺损伤的风险过高,也可以考虑先采用2~3周期的化疗,然后尽快开始放疗。刘维帅等[20]对诱导化疗后行放疗的148例LD-SCLC患者进行分析,根据2~3周期诱导化疗后是否直接行放疗将患者分为早放疗组和晚放疗组,结果显示:化疗有效患者,早放疗组和晚放疗组的OS分别为36.9个月和22.8个月(P=0.043),PFS分别为19.4个月和11.7个月(P=0.011);诱导化疗后无效的患者,早放疗和晚放疗的中位OS分别为18.0个月和9.5个月(P=0.015),中位PFS分别为12.4个月和10.3个月(P=0.566);表明对于LD-SCLC患者,2~3周期诱导化疗后无论是否有效,都应尽快行胸部放疗。

2 放疗靶区的范围

2.1 累及野照射传统观念认为:因SCLC易转移到纵隔淋巴结,应根据情况给予预防野照射。关于累及野照射,De Ruysscher等[21]在2006年开展了一项Ⅱ期临床研究,27例LD-SCLC 患者参照治疗前CT采用累及野照射同步化疗,治疗后患者中位OS为 21个月,中位PFS 为16个月,但同侧淋巴结失败率达到11%,表明累及野照射只能应用于临床研究。另一项荷兰的多中心研究Ⅱ期临床研究[22]入组了37例LD-SCLC患者,根据1疗程化疗后阳性淋巴结(短径≥1 cm 的淋巴结)采用累及野照射45 Gy/25 f,治疗后中位OS为 19个月,5年生存率为27%,结果表明:累及野照射同步化疗是LD-SCLC有效的治疗模式。随后的2项研究[23-24]显示:CT指导下累及野照射后单纯淋巴结转移率仅为2.4%~4.6%,且均为同侧锁骨上淋巴结转移。最近公布的CONVERT[25]Ⅲ期临床试验中,547例患者均接受累及野照射治疗,其中274例45 Gy/30 f,3周方案放疗组2年生存率达到56%,高于INT0096中超分割组(预防野),进一步提示累及野照射有效。

治疗相关的不良反应是患者难以坚持治疗的原因之一,缩小受照野面积,有助于减少周围危及器官的受照剂量,同时也可以通过累及野照射提高肿瘤区剂量,提高局控率。近年来的一些临床研究[23-25]表明:淋巴结区累及野照射是可取的。然而,是否可以进一步缩小靶区勾画范围[如临床靶区(CTV)],尚无高级别证据支持。

2.2 PET-CT指导放疗靶区勾画PET-CT对肿瘤敏感度和特异性高,因此更容易发现肿瘤原发灶和转移淋巴结,可以精确地勾画放疗靶区[26]。Cai等[27]在PET-CT指导下进一步缩小了靶区范围,将有CTV组和无CTV组患者的疗效进行比较,结果显示:与有CTV组比较,无CTV组患者3~4级放射性肺炎和放射性食管炎的发生率明显降低(P<0.05),2组患者生存期比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.517)。

3 常规分割高剂量放疗

INT 0096试验[11]已证明:采用45 Gy/30 f、每天2次、3周方案超分割放疗的疗效优于45 Gy/25 f、每天1次、5周方案放疗,其局控率和5年生存率分别提高16%和10%,这也是目前主要推荐的方案;但由于超分割放疗执行较复杂,存在严重不良反应(3级食管炎发生率27%),大部分患者更倾向于选择每天1次的放疗方案。Zhu等[28]认为:生物有效剂量(BED)与患者生存期及局控率密切相关,BED每提高10 Gy,患者的1、3和5年生存率会分别提高6.3%、5.1%和3.7%,且局部复发率会降低5.5%;而Xia等[29]认为:接受BED>57 Gy的胸部放疗,其生存期及局控率要好于BED<57 Gy的患者。

Zabra等[30]研究显示:82%的患者(入组42例)接受了61.2 Gy/34 f常规分割放疗联合EP或EC方案化疗,完成治疗后,患者的2年和5年生存率分别为47%和21%,而3级以上食管毒性为13.1%,未发生3级以上肺炎。Samala等[31]对200例EC方案化疗同步70 Gy常规分割胸部放疗LD-SCLC的患者进行了回顾性分析,同步放化疗前患者均接受2个疗程紫杉醇和拓扑替康,口服依托泊苷和伊立替康联合顺铂等不同方案诱导化疗,其5年生存率和食管炎发生率分别为21%和23%。上述2项试验表明:常规分割高剂量放疗较超分割放疗放射性食管炎的发生率低且生存期尚可。Faivre-Finn等[25]公布了547例LD-SCLC的研究结果:66 Gy/33 f组和45 Gy/30 f(2次·d-1)组患者2年生存率分别为51%和56%,组间比较差异无统计学意义,进一步表明常规分割高剂量放疗与超分割放疗疗效相当。

4 低分割放疗

4.1低分割放疗疗效Lee等[32]在研究中发现:SER小于60 d的患者其生存期长于SER>60 d的患者。Sas Korczynska等[33]认为:SER每延长1 d,生存率会降低0.28%,无病生存率降低0.31%。上述研究表明:缩短放疗时间对LD-SCLC患者至关重要,低分割放疗是LD-SCLC放疗的一种模式,不仅可以迅速消除对化疗药物耐药的SCLC亚群,而且可以缩短治疗时间,最大程度地减少肿瘤细胞再增殖[34]。对于具有快速增殖特点的SCLC,低分割放疗更具有意义[35]。在给予40 Gy/15 f的试验中,LD-SCLC患者中位OS达到21.2 ~ 22.0个月,5年生存率达到20%~25%[36-37]。2项试验共128例患者接受55 Gy/22 f放疗,治疗后1和2年无进展生存率分别为64.8%~65.7%和32.4%~49.0%,1和2年生存率分别达到81.1% ~ 87.0%和58.2%~62.2%,且治疗毒性可接受[34,38],疗效不亚于常规分割高剂量放疗或超分割放疗。

4.2 立体定向放疗(SBRT)疗效SBRT是治疗肺癌的新型技术,由于可以对肿瘤区进行高剂量照射以及对周围正常组织进行低剂量照射,使得SBRT可以在未引起严重并发症的情况下,获得理想的局控率和生存期[39]。在一项小样本报道中,8例SCLC(cT1-T2N0M0)患者接受48 Gy/4 f的SBRT,其中6例接受化疗,所有患者未接受脑预防放疗,治疗后局控率为100%,3年生存率为72%,未出现远处转移,治疗过程中未出现2级以上毒性[40]。Videtic等[41]报道:6例Ⅰ期SCLC患者接受SBRT联合或不联合化疗(3例接受4疗程化疗,1例接受3疗程化疗,2例未接受化疗),SBRT放疗剂量分别为60 Gy/3 f(3例)、50 Gy/5 f(2例)和30 Gy/1 f(1例),治疗后1年局控率和生存率分别为100%和75%,3例死于非肿瘤因素,其中1例死亡时出现远处转移。一项入组29例LD-SCLC患者的Ⅱ期临床试验[42]中,患者接受EP方案化疗(4~6个疗程)同步SBRT胸部放疗,计划靶区(PTV)剂量为4 000~4 500 cGy,肿瘤靶区(GTV)剂量为5 600~6 300 cGy,分10次放疗;其中4例、8例和17例患者分别诊断为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ期,1和2年生存率为79.3%和47.7%,中位PFS为12个月;20.7%的患者单纯局部复发,27.6%的患者出现单纯远处转移,24.1%的患者同时出现远处转移和局部复发。治疗过程中未出现4级以上毒性反应,4例出现3级食管炎,1例出现3级中性粒细胞减少症。

虽然SBRT在早期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中应用广泛,但在SCLC中的应用较为局限。少数试验[39-43]表明:SBRT在早期LD-SCLC中的疗效理想,可能成为治疗早期LD-SCLC的重要手段。

综上所述,放化疗是LD-SCLC的主要治疗方法,放疗介入时机、靶区勾画、放疗剂量和分割方式是其主要热点问题。对于介入的时机,建议早放疗,如病灶巨大,放射治疗导致肺损伤的风险过高,也可以考虑先采用2~3周期的化疗,然后尽快开始放疗。2~3周期诱导化疗后无论是否有效,都应尽快行胸部放疗。累及野照射安全有效,高剂量常规分割放疗与超分割放疗疗效相当,随着累及野照射概念的普及可以尝试更高剂量的超分割放疗。低分割放疗也是LD-SCLC患者治疗方法之一,但其具体剂量及与化疗联合的方式等需要进一步探索。

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