时间:2024-07-28
王伟君,乔广宇,尚爱加,佟怀宇,高海浩,潘隆盛
解放军总医院 神经外科,北京 100853
基础研究论著
保留寰椎后弓的小脑扁桃体下疝畸形手术应用及疗效分析
王伟君,乔广宇,尚爱加,佟怀宇,高海浩,潘隆盛
解放军总医院 神经外科,北京 100853
目的 探讨保留寰椎后弓的小骨窗减压、枕大池成形显微外科手术方法对小脑扁桃体下疝畸形Ⅰ型(chiari malformation typeⅠ,CMI)的临床治疗效果。方法 我院于2013年3月- 2014年6月对23例具有完整寰椎后弓的CMI病例,采用枕外粗隆下2 cm至颈2棘突上缘约5 cm后正中直切口,保留寰椎后弓的后颅窝小骨窗减压、枕大池成形术(探查四脑室底枕大池重建,小脑扁桃体下疝切除、硬脑膜扩大修补),观察术后1周、3个月及远期疗效,并进行Karnofsky功能状态评分(Karnofsky performance status scale,KPS)。结果 术后1周患者神经症状改善19例,4例无明显变化,平均KPS评分由术前53.5±9.8分提高到66.52±9.8分(P<0.00)。术后3个月复查,6例患者痊愈,12例症状改善明显,3例缓解,1例症状无明显变化,1例加重,较术后1周改善情况有统计学差异(P<0.03)。术后3个月KPS评分提高至85.2±14.7分(P<0.00)。术后3个月~ 2年的随访中,小脑扁桃体下疝和脊髓空洞消失或明显缩小。结论 保留寰椎后弓的小骨窗减压、枕大池成形术临床效果较好,是治疗CMI安全、有效的手术方法。
小脑扁桃体下疝畸形I型;寰椎后弓;神经外科手术
网络出版时间:2015-04-21 09:18 网络出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150421.0918.002.html
小脑扁桃体下疝畸形Ⅰ型(chiari malformation typeⅠ,CMI)主要表现为小脑扁桃体向尾侧移位,通过枕骨大孔进入椎管。CMI可能是由于多颅缝早闭、软骨发育不全、颅骨下沉或伴有结缔组织遗传病的小脑下垂等引起[1]。目前CMI的主要治疗方法是枕骨大孔扩大成形和硬脑膜扩大修补术,根据病例特点(是否伴有脊髓空洞、脑积水等并发症)而进行通畅四脑室底枕大池重建术。本文对具有正常寰椎后弓的CMI患者行保留寰椎后弓的小骨窗减压、枕大池成形术(探查四脑室底枕大池重建,小脑扁桃体下疝切除、硬脑膜扩大修补),对其疗效进行分析并探讨CMI理想的手术术式。
1 资料 选取2013年3月- 2014年6月我院行CMI手术治疗的病例。纳入标准:1)手术均为同一主刀医师完成;2)具有正常或基本正常、独立的寰椎后弓(即无寰枕融合畸形);3)确诊并首次手术治疗。共纳入23例,男10例,女13例;年龄19 ~ 58(38.3±10.5)岁;病史0.5 ~ 20(6.3±5.2)年。随访时间3个月~ 2年。
2 临床表现 饮水呛咳、吞咽困难、声嘶等后组神经症状12例,头晕、共济失调、眼震等小脑症状7例,感觉分离、掌骨间肌萎缩等中央管症状18例,肩颈部及上肢麻木、疼痛等颈神经根症状15例。
3 影像学表现 23例手术前MRI检查,全部具有完整的寰椎后弓,排除寰枕、寰枢椎侧块关节不稳的患者。矢状位(以T2加权像寰椎前后弓上缘连线为度量下疝程度)示小脑扁桃体下疝深度达(3.7±1.4) mm。合并脊髓空洞患者18例,脊髓空洞局限于脊髓颈段15例,颈及上胸段2例。合并脑积水者1例。
4 手术方法 患者均行全身麻醉满意后,三钉头架固定,俯卧呈立正军姿位,枕颈部行长4 ~ 5 cm的直切口,上起自枕外粗隆下1.5 ~ 2 cm,下至C2棘突上缘水平。沿中线切开,取颈枕部筋膜备修补硬脑膜。暴露枕大孔、寰椎全部或部分后弓,在枕大孔区行1.5 cm×1.5 cm范围骨窗减压(图1),根据术区大小可部分磨除寰椎后弓上缘,也可卸下寰椎后弓,术毕复位固定(图2)。借助于寰枕间隙可形成大小约1.5 cm×2.5 cm术区。显微镜下切除增厚的寰枕筋膜,“Y”形或直切口切开硬脑膜,暴露小脑扁桃体,采用显微剪锐性分离扁桃体与延髓、颈髓及枕大池粘连,分离粘连的蛛网膜,近而进行四脑室底正中孔探查,以脑脊液流动和见到脉络丛为宜。下疝的小脑扁桃体采用软膜下吸除,保留软脑膜,扁桃体切除欠佳时可电凝下缘软脑膜使之回缩。进行预留自体筋膜塑形扩大修补硬脑膜。逐层关颅,术毕。
5 随访方式 所有入组病例采用门诊复查及电话随访方式,于术前、术后1周及术后3个月获得KPS评分。术前头颈MRI获得小脑扁桃下疝数据,在术后3个月~ 2年的随访期获得MR复查后小脑扁桃体下疝程度的数据。
6 统计学方法 应用SPSS软件,计量数据采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
1 手术完成情况 23例行保留寰椎后弓的小骨窗减压、枕大池成形术,术中完整保留寰椎后弓12例,铣下寰椎后弓并钛板钉复位7例,部分磨除寰椎后弓4例。3例小脑扁桃体在松解后回缩良好,未行小脑扁桃体下疝软膜下切除术。
2 术后恢复情况 患者神经症状改善19例,4例无明显变化,平均KPS评分由术前(53.5±9.8)分提高到(66.52±9.8)分(P<0.00)(表1)。
3 术后3个月复查结果 6例患者痊愈,12例症状改善明显,3例缓解,1例症状无明显变化,1例加重。无明显变化和加重记为无效,较术后1周改善情况有统计学差异(P<0.03)。术后3个月KPS评分提高至(85.2±14.7)分(P<0.00)。
4 远期随访 伴有脊髓空洞症者术后经3个月~ 2年的随访,17例明显缩小或消失,1例术后3个月脊髓空洞扩大并掌骨间肌萎缩加重,于术后6个月行脊髓空洞蛛网膜下腔分流。所有患者小脑扁桃体下疝程度由术前的寰椎后弓上缘连线下(3.7±1.4) mm,提高到寰椎后弓上缘连线上(3.4±3.5) mm(P<0.00)。
图 1 枕骨下减压范围模式图 A:去除骨窗横径1.5 ~ 2 cm; B:去除骨窗长度1.5 ~ 2 cm; C:硬膜切口长度2.5 cm图 2 箭头所指为复位的寰椎后弓Fig. 1 Area of suboccipital decompression in simulated diagram A: Removal of transverse diameter of bone window was 1.5 - 2 cm; B:Length of bone incision was 1.5 - 2 cm; C:Length of dural incision was 2.5 cmFig. 2 Diaplastic arcusposterior atlantis was indicated by the arrow
表1 术前、术后及远期疗效的比较Tab.1 Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of preoperative, a week after operation and 3 months after operation
CMI是一种包括小脑扁桃体疝的先天性疾病,并多伴有脊髓空洞。CMI又称为成人型Chiari畸形,慢性扁桃体疝或者后脑疝,多发生在20岁以后,26% ~ 37%的患者无明显症状[2-3]。研究报道表明,CMI通常与颅骨异常有关,如颅底凹陷,从胚胎学方面得知,枕骨大孔包含两种起源的细胞。一种形成颅骨软骨,通过软骨内骨化形成颅底骨质,另一种形成脊索(颅骨侧)周围的脊索旁软骨。这两种细胞融入由中胚层枕骨体节的成骨区形成的软骨块中,随后这种软骨块在脊髓旁广泛生长并参与枕骨基底部的形成,最终,这些软骨块形成枕骨大孔的边界[4]。上述过程中出现结合不良和过早闭合最终引起枕大孔区及后颅窝的狭窄及畸形。CMI有多种发病机制,如多发颅缝早闭、肢端肥大、软骨发育不全、脊髓栓系综合征引起的脊髓下移、颅骨下沉以及小脑下垂(其中小脑下垂可有结缔组织遗传病、脑积水和占位性病变引起的颅内压升高,脑脊液漏引起的椎管内低压等多种原因)[1.5]。根据CMI患者胚胎学和生理学特点,扩大枕骨大孔区的手术治疗成为治疗此疾病的直接有效方式。
近20年有多种方式进行CMI解压,从最初的枕骨下颅骨切除术和C1或C1-2的椎板切除术,到目前的改良小骨窗减压、硬膜扩大修补等均取得了良好的治疗效果。Sindou等[6]认为,不论是否伴有脊髓空洞,通过最大限度地切除边缘骨质进行枕骨大孔减压和硬膜扩大修补术是治疗CMI的最有效方式。廖佳奇等[7]采用枕大池成形术对照单纯后颅窝减压扩大脑膜修补术,观察远期效果,空洞长度及KPS评分显示枕大池成形疗效疗效显著。一些医生称切除双侧小脑扁桃体是颅颈交界区减压的最佳方式[8]。Hwang等[9]通过对CMI患者和正常成人后颅窝三维结构的测量,认为CMI患者后颅窝呈狭窄的漏斗形,后颅窝的两侧直径(横径)并没有变小,而枕骨大孔的前后径变小。故在后颅窝减压方法的选择上,扩大后颅窝前后径和枕大孔区相对容积,对于有症状的CMI患者十分重要。
基于对文献和临床经验的总结,我们通过保留寰椎后弓的枕骨减压、枕大池成形术(小脑扁桃体下疝切除、枕大池重建,脑硬膜扩大修补术)对CMI患者进行治疗,临床上取得了较好的恢复效果。并在随访过程中,小骨窗减压未发现小脑下垂及脱垂的影像,保留寰椎后弓,有效保留了颈椎的正常结构,从CMI的根源入手,做到枕骨大孔区前后径的充分减压和柔性减压。有研究认为,50% ~ 76%的患者合并脊髓和延髓的积水性空洞[3],本术式对于合并有脊髓空洞和脑积水的患者,Ⅰ期未行脊髓空洞分流,随访仅1/18术后脊髓空洞加重。术中要特别注意:1)枕骨减压骨窗,我们推荐减压面积在2 cm×2 cm左右,可以避免出现小脑下疝的并发症;2)小脑扁桃体下疝部分切除行软脑膜下吸除,特别注意显微操作方法,避免损伤小脑后下动脉及软脑膜上的分支,保证硬膜下无血操作;3)术中四脑室底探查,打开正中孔,通畅脑脊液循环,镜下见到脉络丛边缘即可,且不必完全暴露。合并脊髓空洞患者,只有轴位上空洞最大横径超过同一平面脊髓宽度70%,才是进行空洞分流的指征[10];4)硬膜扩大修补用自体颈枕筋膜严密缝合,减少排异,开皮后即切下适当大小的枕颈筋膜备用,且便于寻找颈韧带,从而准确寻找中线,减少术中出血。使用自体筋膜减少假性脊膜膨出等并发症,更利于恢复[11]。上述4点操作实现了后颅窝枕大孔区的多重减压和柔性减压,为术后恢复提供安全可靠的保证。对于CMI何种术式才是最佳争议较多,近来Vidal等[12]采用单纯减压术对比探查四脑室底枕大池成形术,认为两者疗效相当,并且后者术后并发症较多,减少颅颈交界区蛛网膜破坏更利于恢复。Felbaum等[13]则认为,对枕骨大空区做到由内而外的多重减压,才能从根本上解决脑干的压迫取得满意效果。在CMI的诊疗过程中,根据术中及术后的病情,预防性腰大池引流可缓解患者不适症状,对缩短住院时间,对防治术后脑脊液感染也有较好的临床疗效[14]。张远征教授曾讲授过,后颅窝减压过程中,任何一步都不要遗漏,否则术后效果不良会觉得倍感遗憾。当然,CMI患者影像学及症状学表现多样[15-17],尽量做到个体化的治疗原则更有利于术后康复。
另外,在本研究中入组病例全部保留了寰椎后弓,故使用寰椎前后弓上缘连线为基准线评价小脑扁桃体下疝程度,更加客观、准确。避免了因手术后枕骨大孔的缺如和后颅窝扩张造成的测量误差。综上所述,保留寰椎后弓的小骨窗减压、枕大池成形术,实现了对枕大孔区前后径由内到外的多重减压,保留了寰椎的完整结构,最小化手术创伤,并发症少,临床效果较好,是值得推广的Chiar-Ⅰ畸形治疗安全有效的手术方法。
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Surgical application and efficacy of retained arcus posterior atlantis for chiari malformation typeⅠ
WANG Weijun, QIAO Guangyu, SHANG Aijia, TONG Huaiyu, GAO Haihao, PAN Longsheng
Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Corresponding author: PAN Longsheng. Email: panls301@163.com
Objective To discuss the efficacy of microsurgical approaches of small-bone-window posterior fossa decompression and cisterna magna angioplasty with conserved posterior arch of atlas in treatment of chiari malformation typeⅠ. Methods Twentythree cases with arcus posterior atlantis in the treatment of CMI in Chinese PLA General Hospital from March 2013 to June 2014 were selected. Patients had undergone small-window posterior fossa decompression and cisterna magna angioplasty with conserved posterior arch of atlas through posterior midline approach (from 2 cm under inion to 5 cm on C2 spinous processes), and the cisterna magna was reconstructed, the cerebellar tonsil subpial was resected, and duraplasty was performed. The long-term efficacy was observed for 1 week and 3 months postoperatively, and KPS score was used to evaluate the conditions after operation. Results One week after operation, the neurological condition was improved in 19 cases, while 4 cases had no change. The average KPS score increased from (53.5±9.8) preoperatively to (66.52±9.8) postoperatively (P<0.00). And 3 months after operation, 6 cases were cured, 3 cases were relieved, 1 case had no change and 1 case was exacerbation, which was better than 1 week postoperative condition (P<0.03). The average KPS score of 3 months after operation increased to 85.2±14.7 (P<0.00). Cerebellar tonsillar hernia and syringomyelia shrank or disappeared obviously within 2-year follow-up. Conclusion The microsurgical approaches of small-window posterior fossa decompression and cistern magna angioplasty with conserved posterior arch of atlas shows excellent efficacy and less complication in treating chiari malformation typeⅠ.
chiari malformation typeⅠ; arcus posterior atlantis; neurosurgical procedures
R 651.1
A
2095-5227(2015)07-0702-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.07.017
2015-03-24
王伟君,男,在读硕士。研究方向:脊髓脊柱神经外科。Email: weijun.106@163.com
潘隆盛,男,硕士,副主任医师,硕士生导师。Email: panls301@163.com
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