时间:2024-07-28
陈素敏 李百文 任迎春 赵秋艳
上海交通大学附属第一人民医院消化科(201620)
·综 述·
内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检对消化系统肿瘤的诊断价值
陈素敏 李百文*任迎春 赵秋艳
上海交通大学附属第一人民医院消化科(201620)
影像学检查如CT、MRI、超声等对消化系统肿瘤的诊断具有重要意义,但部分消化系统肿瘤因其自身独特的临床特点,常规影像学检查不易早期发现并作出定性诊断。内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检(EUS-FNA)不仅可发现早期病变,还能对病变作出准确的定性诊断,该技术的发展和完善极大地提高了消化系统肿瘤的诊断水平。本文就EUS-FNA对消化系统肿瘤的诊断价值作一综述。
EUS-FNA; 活组织检查,针吸; 消化系统肿瘤; 诊断
自从Vilmann和Grimm于1992年先后报道在内镜超声(endoscopic ultrasonography, EUS)引导下成功对胰腺组织进行 细针穿刺活检以来[1-2],内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检(endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration, EUS-FNA)逐渐成为获取消化系统组织标本的常规方法。与传统超声引导下细针穿刺活检(ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration, US-FNA)和CT引导下细针穿刺活检(CT-guided fine needle aspiration, CT-FNA)相比,EUS-FNA具有下述明显优势:操作过程中可直接将超声探头置于距病变部位较近的胃或十二指肠壁,从而避免腹壁脂肪和肠道气体干扰检测;可利用多普勒功能实时显示血流和血管声像图,以避开血管对病变部位直接进行穿刺,从而降低并发症发生率。EUS-FNA显著提高了消化系统病变的诊断水平,尤其是对于某些消化系统肿瘤的早期诊断具有重要临床意义。本文就EUS-FNA对消化系统肿瘤的诊断价值及其应用现状作一综述。
1. EUS-FNA对胰腺癌的诊断价值:胰腺癌是胰腺外分泌腺恶性程度较高的肿瘤,预后极差,5年生存率低于5%。胰腺癌起病隐匿,早期通常无特殊症状,多数患者在确诊时已 处于疾病晚期,符合外科手术切除指征的患者不足20%[3]。因此,胰腺癌的早期诊断是提高患者生存率、改善预后的关键。
目前已有多种影像学手段可用于诊断胰腺癌,如CT、MRI、ERCP、超声等,然而这些方法均存在一定的局限性:因肠道气体干扰以及胰腺位置较深,超声检查诊断率较低;CT和MRI难以发现直径较小的肿瘤,且无法取活检作出病理诊断,易发生漏诊[4]。EUS-FNA可通过近距离观察早期发现直径较小尤其是直径<1 cm的肿瘤,用于诊断胰腺癌时特异性和准确性均较高,且并发症较少[5]。Eloubeidi等[6]报道EUS-FNA对胰腺癌的诊断敏感性超过80%,特异性可达100%。关于EUS-FNA对胰腺实体肿瘤诊断价值的meta分析显示,细胞学检查诊断胰腺癌的特异性和准确性分别为85%和98%,表明其为诊断胰腺实体肿瘤的有效手段[7]。Will等[8]的研究中,139例胰腺实体或囊性肿瘤性病变患者行EUS-FNA细胞学检查,其诊断敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为83.0%、93.3%和86.3%。以上研究结果提示EUS-FNA对于胰腺癌的早期发现和早期诊断具有重要价值。
近年随着研究的深入,越来越多的学者发现在细胞学或组织学检查的同时行分子生物学检测可进一步提高胰腺癌诊断率,为胰腺癌的早期诊断提供了新思路。Jahng等[9]的回顾性研究纳入61例胰腺癌或胰腺炎相关良性病变患者,所有EUS-FNA标本均行细胞学检查和肿瘤标记物p53、Ki-67检测,结果显示联合检测p53或Ki-67可提高细胞学检查诊断胰腺癌的敏感性,单独细胞学检查的敏感性和特异性分别为41%和100%,联合检测p53或Ki-67可分别将敏感性提高至51%和53%,特异性均达到100%;三项检测联合的敏感性可达57%。Mishra等[10]应用半定量PCR检测胰腺实体病变EUS-FNA标本的端粒酶活性,发现其对胰腺癌的诊断敏感性和特异性分别为79%和100%;联合细胞学检查可将其敏感性从85%提高至98%,特异性始终为100%。上述发现表明EUS-FNA病理学检查联合分子生物学检测可明显提高胰腺癌诊断率。
2. EUS-FNA对胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(pancreatic neuro-endocrine neoplasm, pNEN)的诊断价值:pNEN约占所有胰腺肿瘤的1%~2%,根据肿瘤是否具有激素分泌功能可分为功能性和非功能性两类,后者因无激素分泌过多的症状而不易早期发现,导致患者失去最佳治疗时机。因此,早期发现和早期诊断是改善pNEN患者预后的关键。
pNEN的形态学和生物学特点异质性高,临床诊断较为困难,仅依靠病史、体格检查、实验室和影像学检查等常不能明确诊断,确诊需组织学证据。EUS-FNA是诊断pNEN的新手段,可通过对病变进行穿刺获取组织标本,结合现场快速评估 方法和免疫组化染色技术,可早期发现和早期诊断pNEN[11]。Larghi等[12]对30例影像学检查疑为非功能性pNEN的患者行EUS-FNA,其中28例获得足够的组织学标本并确诊,准确性达93.3%。
pNEN的准确分级对于肿瘤生物学行为的预测、预后评估以及临床治疗方案的选择具有重要意义,采用世界卫生组织(WHO)2010年标准,根据Ki-67指数对标本进行分级,EUS-FNA细胞学标本与手术标本分级结果具有较高的一致性[13]。Larghi等[12]的研究纳入12例行外科切除术的非功能性pNEN患者,其中10例(83.3%)术后标本Ki-67指数分级与术前标本EUS-FNA分级结果一致。Hasegawa等[14]根据EUS-FNA标本的最高Ki-67指数对pNEN进行分级,与外科切除标本分级的一致性为77.8%,如剔除肿瘤细胞数少于2 000 个的EUS-FNA标本,一致性可提高至90%。Unno等[15]的研究亦显示EUS-FNA与外科切除标本对pNEN分级的一致性达到89.5%。
3. EUS-FNA对胰腺囊性病变的诊断价值:胰腺囊性病变是一类呈囊性或囊实性的占位性病变。近年随着影像学技术的发展,其在检查中被偶然发现的概率呈增高趋势[16]。该类病变种类繁多,临床病理特点各异,准确的定性诊断是制订正确治疗方案的关键。
常规影像学检查如B超、CT、MRI等是定位诊断胰腺囊性病变的主要手段,但在定性诊断方面均存在一定缺陷。EUS-FNA可抽取囊液进行肿瘤标记物分析和细胞学检查,进而作出定性诊断。研究发现EUS-FNA抽取囊液行肿瘤标记物(CEA、CA19-9)、淀粉酶检测和细胞学检查(包括黏液染色),可鉴别良恶性胰腺囊性病变,提高诊断准确性[17-18]。囊液CEA联合K-ras基因突变检测对恶性胰腺囊性病变的诊断准确性高达94.1%[19]。此外,研究还发现EUS-FNA细胞学检查对伴有实性成分的胰腺囊性病变诊断价值更高[20-21]。
4. EUS-FNA对胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor, GIST)的诊断价值:GIST是最常见的胃肠道黏膜下肿瘤,约60%发生于胃,25%见于小肠,10%见于结直肠[22]。该病起病隐匿,常以消化道出血或腹部胀痛为首发症状。
GIST在常规内镜下主要依据黏膜层隆起情况进行定位诊断,但因难以获取病变组织而不能进行定性诊断[23]。而EUS-FNA不仅可发现GIST病变并准确判断其大小、深度和来源,还可直接获取病变组织用于细胞学、组织学检查和免疫组化染色,从而对病变作出定性诊断。Mekky等[24]报道EUS-FNA对胃黏膜下肿瘤(主要是胃间质瘤)的诊断准确性为95.6%,鉴别良性与潜在恶性病变的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为92.4%、100%和94.2%。Akahoshi等[25]的回顾性研究显示,EUS-FNA标本免疫组化染色对小于2 cm的胃上皮下实体病变的诊断准确性为98%,是这类肿瘤早期诊断的有效手段。
5. EUS-FNA对胆管癌和其他胆管梗阻或狭窄性病变的诊断价值:胆管癌是一类起源于胆管上皮的恶性肿瘤,常因缺乏特异性表现而难以在疾病早期被发现,多数患者确诊时已处于疾病晚期,丧失了根治性治疗的机会,预后较差。
较之常规影像学检查,EUS-FNA在胆管癌的早期发现和早期诊断方面具有一定优势,其可避免肠道气体干扰,能更清晰地显示胆管病变,还可穿刺获取病变组织进行组织学检查。研究[26]报道EUS-FNA对肝门部胆管癌术前诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为89%、100%和91%,对于不明原因肝门部狭窄是一种有价值的微创诊断技术,约半数患者因该项检查而改变预先计划的手术路径。Eloubeidi等[27]的研究显示,EUS-FNA对胆管癌的诊断敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为86%、100%和88%,可对84%患者的临床治疗产生积极引导作用。DeWitt等[28]报道EUS-FNA对ERCP刷检细胞学检查阴性或刷检失败的近端胆管狭窄性病变具有较高诊断价值,敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为77%、100%和79%,然而鉴于其阴性预测值较低,即使结果阴性亦不能排除恶性肿瘤可能。Weilert等[29]比较了EUS-FNA和ERCP获取的组织样本对可疑恶性胆管梗阻的诊断价值,发现EUS-FNA的总体敏感性和准确性优于ERCP(94%对50%和94%对53%),但其优势在于诊断胰腺肿物所致的梗阻,对胆道肿物和不明原因梗阻的诊断价值与ERCP相似。综上,EUS-FNA对胆管癌以及恶性胆管梗阻或狭窄性病变的诊断具有重要意义。
EUS-FNA不仅可用于胰腺癌、胃肠道肿瘤、胆管癌等消化系统肿瘤的诊断,还可用于肾脏肿瘤、膀胱癌等的诊断,已逐渐成为肿瘤早期诊断的主要手段之一。EUS-FNA技术在穿刺前常规采用彩色多普勒血流成像了解病变内部和周围血流情况,尤其是穿刺路径上的血管分布情况,可显著减少并发症发生。EUS-FNA的并发症主要包括感染、出血、穿孔、医源性胰腺炎、针道肿瘤种植性转移等,但总体发生率仅为1%~2%,多数患者可经由对症治疗或外科手术治疗好转或治愈[30]。
EUS-FNA在消化系统肿瘤的早期诊断中起有重要作用,是一项安全、有效的诊断技术,具有其他影像学检查手段无可比拟的优越性。然而,该项技术的整体诊断价值目前仍未达到理想水平。对相关专业人员的调查显示,临床实践中EUS-FNA的诊断敏感性远低于文献报道,仅1/3的从业人员认为其诊断实体肿瘤的敏感性高于80%[31];此外,尽管EUS-FNA诊断的假阳性率极低,但假阴性率相当高[32]。上述现象主要与穿刺获取样本量不足、样本质量不高有关,导致诊断准确性降低,贻误治疗时机。因此,对于EUS医师而言,不断完善操作技能以提高获取组织标本的数量和质量尤为重要。
近年来,随着EUS-FNA湿抽技术(wet suction technique,穿刺针内充满0.9% NaCl溶液后再行FNA)的出现,获取样本的数量和质量得到明显改善,显著提高了EUS-FNA技术的诊断水平[33-34]。目前,研究者仍在不断探索改善EUS-FNA技术的方法,包括穿刺针规格、有无针芯、负压吸引力大小、穿刺次数的比较以及有无现场细胞病理学评估等。
综上所述,EUS-FNA作为一种安全、有效的诊断技术,现已广泛应用于消化系统肿瘤的早期诊断。随着EUS-FNA技术的发展和日益完善,其在消化系统肿瘤的早期发现和早期诊断中将发挥更为重要的作用。
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DiagnosticValueofEndoscopicUltrasonography-guidedFineNeedleAspirationforDigestiveSystemNeoplasms
CHENSumin,LIBaiwen,RENYingchun,ZHAOQiuyan.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,ShanghaiGeneralHospital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai(201620)
LI Baiwen, muzibowen@126.com
Imaging examinations such as CT, MRI and ultrasonography are of great importance for the diagnosis of digestive system neoplasms. However, some digestive system neoplasms are difficult to be detected at early stage and make qualitative diagnosis by conventional imaging techniques because of their unique clinical characteristics. Compared with conventional imaging techniques, endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) can not only detect the early lesions, but also make accurate qualitative diagnosis. The development and improvement of EUS-FNA greatly improve the diagnostic level of digestive system neoplasms. In this paper, the diagnostic value of EUS-FNA in digestive system neoplasms was reviewed.
EUS-FNA; Biopsy, Needle; Digestive System Neoplasms; Diagnosis
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.12.009
*本文通信作者,Email: muzibowen@126.com
(2017-05-24收稿;2017-07-06修回)
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