时间:2024-07-29
顾阳春 曹宝山 马力文
北京大学第三医院肿瘤化疗与放射病科,北京 100191
替吉奥是替加氟、吉美嘧啶和奥替拉西钾的复方制剂[1]。其中替加氟(FT207)体内转化成氟尿嘧啶(5-FU),抑制胸苷合成酶(TS酶),发挥主要治疗作用;吉美嘧啶(CDHP)能够选择性、可逆性地抑制肝5-FU分解代谢的主要限速酶——双氢嘧啶脱氢酶(DPD酶),提高5-FU的浓度从而增强疗效;奥替拉西钾(OXO)分布于胃肠道,能够选择性、可逆性地抑制另一个5-FU代谢酶——乳清酸磷酸核糖转移酶(OPRT酶),在减轻胃肠道毒副反应的同时不影响疗效。替吉奥在消化系统肿瘤尤其是胃癌的治疗中,已经逐步替代5-FU占据核心地位[2]。在其他肿瘤的治疗中也具有较好的疗效,例如胰腺癌、肠癌等[3-4]。本文主要总结近几年替吉奥在NSCLC中的应用情况,并展望前景。
早在2001年就有早Ⅱ期研究评估S-1用于肺癌的安全性和疗效,主要的3/4级不良反应为贫血、白细胞减少、中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少、厌食和腹泻[5]。在回顾性研究中S-1用法为:每日80 mg/m2,日总剂量不超过120 mg,分2次服用,连服28天,休息14天[6]。也有一些研究采用3周方案,将S-1用法调整为每日60~80 mg/m2,连续服14天,休7天[7-8]。两种用法3/4级血液学毒性比较少见(<10%),但3级非血液学毒性总发生率为10.4%~16.67%,最常见的是厌食和腹泻[7-9]。近两年又有Ⅰ期研究采用新的用法:25 mg或40 mg,每日2次,连服5天休2天,持续应用,该用法不仅能够获得和5-FU持续静脉输注相近的血药浓度和AUC值,而且不良反应轻,仅出现1级乏力和厌食[10]。
在多个回顾性的研究中,S-1单药作为NSCLC三线甚至更多线的治疗时,仍然能够获得一定疗效:有效率(response rate,RR)4.8%~13%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)33.3%~40%[6,11-12]。在顺铂耐药的患者中疗效为:部分缓解率(partial response,PR)14%,DCR 78%,中位无进 展 生 存 期(middle progression-free survival,mPFS)4.2个月,中位生存时间(median survival time,MST)16.4个月[13]。S-1单药作为NSCLC 二线化疗的2个Ⅱ期研究中,RR分别为7.1%和12.5%,DCR分别为55.3%和39.6%,mPFS分别为2.9个月和2.5个月,MST分别为7.3个月和8.2个月[8-9],这和目前NCCN指南所推荐的其他化疗药物单药作为二线治疗的疗效类似。
在Ⅱ期研究中S-1单药作为NSCLC一线治疗,获得PR 22%、mPFS 3.4个月、MST 10.2个月,充分显示了S-1对肺癌的疗效[14]。并且,因S-1毒性低,近些年被用于老年NSCLC患者一线化疗以及同步放化疗和一线化疗后的维持治疗[15-17]。在>70岁的老年NSCLC中(Ⅱ期研究),S-1再次显示了良好的抗肺癌活性:PR 27.6%,DCR 65.5%,mPFS 4个月,MST 12.1个月[16]。
目前NCCN指南推荐NSCLC一线化疗采用三代新药联合铂类的双药方案。替吉奥的抗肺癌活性已在多个Ⅱ期研究中获得证实。替吉奥和顺铂的联合应用在晚期胃癌已是成熟的方案,毒性可耐受。因此替吉奥与铂类的联合主要作为NSCLC的一线治疗进行研究。
多数Ⅱ期研究采用SP方案作为NSCLC的一线化疗时,S-1的剂量强度与单药方案相比略低(详见表1)[18-21]。在近5年的研究中SP方案治疗NSCLC的RR在20%左右,mPFS 4~5.4个月,MST大于1年。3/4级血液学毒性发生率在30%左右,主要有中性粒细胞缺乏、贫血、血小板缺乏;3级非血液学毒性发生率为15%左右,表现为恶心、呕吐、腹泻和伴随的水电解质紊乱。
卡铂(CBP)在多种方案中可以替代顺铂(CDDP)。卡铂的消化道反应轻,替吉奥与其联合时可以更加顺利地完成14天服药,并且剂量强度也有所提高,而且以消化道反应为主的非血液学毒性发生率有所降低。类似的,S-1联合CBP也是直接作为NSCLC的一线方案来研究,经过Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究确定推荐剂量为S-1 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,AUCCBP=5,d1,q21d,疗效:RR 36.8%,MST 11.1个月,但3/4级血小板减少的发生率增加至47%[22]。另一项Ⅱ期研究将化疗周期延长到28天,也得到了类似的结果:RR 31%,mPFS 4.5个月,MST 16个月,3/4级血小板发生率同样高达41%[23]。S-1联合CBP的疗效堪比目前NCCN指南推荐的三代新药联合铂类的双药方案,这在与紫杉醇(PTX)联合CBP进行比较的非劣效性Ⅲ期临床研究中得到证实,S-1+CBP组:RR 20.4%,DCR 71.1%,mOS 15.2个月,1年OS 57.3%;PTX+CBP组:RR 39.0%,DCR 73.5%,mOS 13.1个月,1年OS 55.5%[24-25]。
表1 SPSP方案作为NSCLCNSCLC一线化疗的Ⅱ期研究
多西他赛(TXT)单药是NSCLC的标准二线治疗。多项Ⅰ/Ⅱ研究尝试在此基础上联合替吉奥,对两药的剂量进行摸索[26-30]。替吉奥的用法多数为 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,q21d或 q28d,但 TXT 的剂量强度受到较多影响,多数研究中在每周17 mg/m2左右甚至更低(如50 mg/m2q21d;35 mg/m2q14d;40 mg/m2q21d等),而临床实践中常用的TXT剂量强度为每周25 mg/m2。该方案的毒性中,TXT常见的3/4级血液学毒性有所减少,但粒细胞缺乏发生率仍然高达50%,并且增加了S-1常见的非血液学毒性:厌食和腹泻[28-29]。疗效方面,有Ⅱ期随机对照研究,S-1+TXT和TXT单药用于经治的NSCLC,虽然两者在近期疗效RR(16.1%vs 20.7%)和mPFS(3.4个月vs 3.7个月)上差异不大,但联合组的主要终点mOS却不及TXT单药(8.7个月vs 11.9个月)[29]。因此,TXT单药作为NSCLC二线标准方案的地位未被动摇,但若维持TXT剂量强度在每周20 mg/m2以上,而适当减少S-1的剂量,是否能改善生存,仍需逐步开展Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究进行探索。
当S-1和伊立替康(IRI)联合时,Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期研究中同样采用了维持S-1剂量,摸索IRI剂量强度的方案:S-1每天 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,q21d或q28d;IRI多采用周疗,剂量强度为每周40~50 mg/m2(150 mg/m2,d1,q21d;60 mg/m2,d1,d8,q21d;70 mg/m2,d1,d8,d15,q28d;80 mg/m2,d1,d15,q28d;100 mg/m2,d1,d15,q28d)[31-35]。S-1 常见不良反应有厌食和腹泻,而IRI剂量限制性毒性有严重腹泻,因此腹泻成为该联合方案中较为常见的3级非血液学毒性(8.9%~15.0%)也是意料之中的;3/4级血液学毒性为粒细胞缺乏(17.9%~32.5%)[31-32,34]。S-1+IRI在经治的NSCLC中:RR 15.8%,mPFS 4.5个月,mOS 15个月[32]。而用于一线时,该方案疗效:RR 28.6%~30%,DCR 71.4%~72.5%,mPFS 4.8~4.9个月,mOS 15~16.1个月[31,34]。若能够减少腹泻的发生率,降低腹泻严重程度,S-1+IRI的方案可进行Ⅲ期或有对照的Ⅱ期临床研究,与NSCLC现行规范的一线或二线化疗方案进行比较。
此外,还有一些比较少见的联合用药尝试:替吉奥联合吉西他滨,或者替吉奥联合阿柔比星,均处于Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期初步研究中[36-38]。
在晚期NSCLC获得了不菲的成绩后,一些研究者尝试将S-1应用于术后辅助治疗。在初期的可行性研究中,采用S-1固定剂量80~120 mg/d,d1~d14,q21d的剂量,拟进行8周期,完成率仅为60.7%,较年轻的患者(<70岁)完成率为78.6%;3级血液学毒性有白细胞减少(6.7%)、贫血(6.7%)和血小板减少(3.3%),3级非血液学毒性:最常见为厌食,还有消化道出血(3.3%),没有出现4级不良反应[39]。其后的类似研究将S-1的剂量减少至每日50~80 mg/m2,其余未变,完成率为70.8%,影响治疗进行的主要原因是厌食和血小板减少,最终的相对剂量强度为76.3%[40]。也有采用联合方案,S-1 每日 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,AUCCBP=6,d8,q28d,拟进行4周期,完成率为82.35%,主要不良反应为3级血小板减少,无严重的非血液学毒性[41]。需要更大样本量来探索S-1不同剂量强度、不同间歇和不同药物组合的耐受性以及对预防复发的作用,尤其是与现有标准方案——紫杉醇联合卡铂方案进行比较。总之,S-1作为NSCLC的术后辅助治疗仍有很长的路要走。
替吉奥和吉非替尼在体外和体内研究中均对抑制肺癌细胞有协同作用[42-43]。吉非替尼能够抑制转录因子E2F-1的表达,从而下调胸苷酸合成酶(TS)的mRNA和蛋白水平。而TS酶是5-FU发挥抗肿瘤作用的靶酶。这一协同作用不受表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变状态的影响,并且能扭转由MET基因扩增引起的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKI)继发耐药。同样,厄洛替尼和S-1在体内研究中也有协同抗肺癌的作用[44]。二代不可逆EGFR-TKI,阿法替尼(BIBW2992,afatinib),和S-1联合能够扭转T790M所致的EGFR-TKI继发耐药,原理之一也是加强了对TS酶的抑制[45]。有了基础研究的证据,Ⅰ期临床研究已摸索出了吉非替尼和S-1联合用药的推荐剂量:吉非替尼250 mg qd,S-1每日 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,q21d,剂量限制毒性为肝功能异常,观察到初步疗效:9例EGFR突变患者中7例有效,mPFS可达12.4个月[46]。
氟尿嘧啶类药物有放疗增敏作用,替吉奥也具有此特性。采用SP方案作为放疗同步时,放疗剂量以DT 60Gy 2Gy/f为基础,化疗推荐剂量为S-1 每 天 50 mg/m2,d1~d14,CDDP 40 mg/m2,d1,d8,q21d[47]。采用此剂量治疗Ⅲ期NSCLC的Ⅱ期研究,获得RR 87.8%,mPFS 15.4个月,mOS 29.7个月[48]。SP方案还有其他用法和放疗同步应用,耐受性良好,例如S-1每天80mg/m2,d1~d14,DDP 60~80 mg/m2单次或者分为d1和d8,q28d[49-50]。对75岁以上的老年人可以采用S-1单药进行同步放化疗,Ⅰ期研究摸索出的推荐剂量为每天80 mg/m2,d1~d14,q28d[51]。已有小样本的研究得出结论,在同步放化疗中采用SP方案不劣于传统的NP方案(长春瑞滨联合顺铂),但毒性反应不同,SP主要为3级血小板减少、食管炎和皮疹,而NP方案主要为3级白细胞和中性粒细胞减少[52]。SP方案联合放疗同步治疗对局部晚期NSCLC有降期的作用,有初步研究将其应用于术前治疗,安全有效,未增加围手术期并发症[53-54]。
含S-1的方案在消化道腺癌中疗效卓著,但在NSCLC的不同组织学类型中疗效是否存在差异,结论尚不统一。有研究采用SP联合贝伐珠单抗治疗非鳞NSCLC,并采用贝伐珠单抗用于维持治疗,30例患者中,RR 71%,DCR 100%,mPFS 7个月,MST 20个月[55]。同样,S-1+CBP联合贝伐珠单抗作为一线治疗,并采用S-1联合贝伐珠单抗作为维持治疗,在非鳞NSCLC获得RR 54.2%,mPFS 6.8个月[17]。还有研究观察到S-1单药在腺癌的有效率显著高于非腺癌[12]。似乎倾向于得出结论:含S-1的方案对腺癌疗效更好。然而,其他研究却得到SP方案在鳞癌中有效率优于腺癌[21]。LETS研究中,分别统计S-1联合CBP一线治疗鳞癌和非鳞癌OS没有显著差异(14个月vs 15.5个月)[25]。还有一些Ⅱ期研究同样没有观察到含S-1的方案在NSCLC不同病理类型间的疗效差异[8,20]。
替吉奥的应用已逐步涉及非小细胞肺癌治疗的各个阶段。替吉奥联合铂类的方案作为NSCLC一线治疗或者替吉奥单药作为经治NSCLC的治疗,研究证据相对较多,级别也相对较高,可以作为临床治疗选择之一。厌食反应是影响治疗顺利进行的主要因素,少数情况会出现严重腹泻,血液学毒性相对较轻。替吉奥和其他药物联合用于NSCLC仍然需要进一步研究来评估疗效和毒性。但是这些研究基本上都是在日本进行的,需要在亚洲其他地区以及欧美进行类似研究来验证其疗效并观察不良反应,若存在差异,则需找出人种或地区间差异的原因。
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