时间:2024-07-29
李俨 孔令玲
安徽医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤放疗科,合肥230022
放射治疗在中晚期宫颈癌的治疗中占有极其重要的地位,但传统全盆腔照射野内常包括膀胱、直肠、小肠、骨盆等正常组织,易导致各种并发症,使患者的生活质量下降,甚至出现严重的危及生命的并发症[1]。已有多项研究表明,近年来应用于临床的IMRT,无论是在靶区适形度还是在正常组织的保护中均较常规放疗有明显的优势[2-5]。但由于内部器官运动和肿瘤体积变化,及定位、摆位的误差,IMRT的应用仍是一个需要积极研究的领域[6-9]。目前的研究多集中在IMRT的优势、技术优化,以及IMRT与腔内照射的结合等方面,本文总结近年来IMRT在宫颈癌中的研究进展。
IMRT已经成为某些疾病的标准治疗手段,如头颈部肿瘤和前列腺癌,其在治疗宫颈癌方面的价值也逐渐被得到公认。
1.1..11术后辅助放疗和术前新辅助放疗 IMRT在宫颈癌术后辅助放疗方面有很大的优势。Chen等[10]纳入54例有高危因素的早期宫颈癌患者,所有的患者术后均接受了辅助IMRT和顺铂同步化疗,结果提示疗效较为确切,患者的3年总生存率和无疾病进展生存率分别为98%和78%。另有一项对术后有中、高危因素的宫颈癌患者进行辅助IMRT和同步化疗的研究结果显示,患者的3年OS和DFS分别为94%和91%[11]。亦有类似的研究数据表明,术后接受IMRT患者的4年无疾病进展生存率和总生存率分别为80%和81%[12]。这些结果均提示,使用IMRT的患者术后疗效明显优于不使用IMRT的患者。
宫颈癌患者术前并不进行常规放疗,但Simeovona等[13]研究了1例由于重度血小板减少无法进行同步放化疗亦无法进行手术的宫颈癌患者,并为该患者设定了一个最大限度的保护骨髓的IMRT计划,给予放射剂量达45 Gy后3天重新开始外照射治疗,并将剂量追加至50.4 Gy,复查患者血常规显示血小板计数仍减少,但维持在稳定水平。放疗4周后,MRI显示肿瘤体积缩小30%。给予新鲜冰冻血浆输注后进行子宫切除术,治疗后6个月内未出现复发或晚期毒性反应。表明术前辅助IMRT可为部分难治性患者带来手术机会,IMRT可在不增加正常组织毒性的前提下提高肿瘤的照射剂量,潜在提高宫颈癌患者的总体治疗效果。
1.1..22根治性放疗 IMRT在根治性放疗中的作用还在研究中,其中多数研究属于回顾性分析。Kidd等[3]进行了一项大样本前瞻性研究,纳入135例接受IMRT和腔内治疗的宫颈癌患者,结果显示在22个月的中位随访时间内,患者的总生存率和无疾病进展生存率分别为93%和67%,接受IMRT和腔内治疗的患者生存率较使用三维适形放疗的患者有所提高。另外,Gao等[14]比较了94例接受IMRT和124例接受常规放疗的晚期宫颈癌患者,结果显示IMRT可以降低不良反应发生率,改善患者的生活质量,但对5年生存率并无明显提高。随着IMRT在宫颈癌根治性放疗中的进一步应用,将会有更多关于IMRT在安全性、降低不良反应和疗效方面的研究开展起来,PET/CT和MRI图像融合等新技术在靶区和危及器官(organ at risk,OAR)划定中的应用研究将有望获得更好的临床疗效[15-16]。
自IMRT应用于宫颈癌的治疗开始,已有多项研究表明无论是在根治性放疗还是在术后辅助放疗中,IMRT均有助于减少消化系统、血液系统毒性及晚期胃肠道和泌尿系统并发症[2,4,17-21];Gandhi等[22]纳入22例接受全盆腔常规放疗和22例接受全盆腔IMRT的晚期局部宫颈癌患者,结果表明接受IMRT的患者较接受常规放疗的患者急、慢性胃肠道毒性的发生率减少。Hui等[23]的研究认为IMRT可降低高剂量区的骨髓受照体积,降低急性血液系统毒性的发生率和严重程度。
另一方面,比较宫颈癌IMRT和常规放疗后骨盆骨折、股骨头坏死、骨髓炎等骨盆并发症方面的大样本研究结果提示,接受IMRT的患者骨盆并发症较低[24]。但是此类研究大多数为回顾性研究,得出的结论较为有限,近期一项全国多中心研究比较了宫颈癌患者接受三维适形放射治疗(3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy,3DCRT)和IMRT同步放化疗后的血液学毒性。目前为止的研究结果表明IMRT较3DCRT减少了骨髓受照体积,但是并没有观察到这两种技术在急慢性血液学毒性方面的差异,仍需要进一步的研究来证实这些结果[25]。临床上各种并发症的改善得益于对OAR的剂量限制,这就要求学者们在实际IMRT计划过程中注意根据每例患者的情况具体考虑,抓住主要矛盾来权衡对危及器官的保护并保证靶区覆盖率。
对于腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的晚期宫颈癌患者,初治采用盆腔延伸野普通放疗时需用低剂量保护双肾和脊髓,因而影响了姑息治疗的疗效,所以有必要采用盆腔延伸野调强放疗(extendedfield IMRT,EF-IMRT)提高靶区照射剂量,同时保护正常组织及减少相关并发症[26]。Vargo等[27]报道了并发盆腔或腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的宫颈癌患者61例,采用常规分割照射。临床靶区(clinical target volume,CTV)剂量为 45 Gy,转移淋巴结同步加量至55 Gy,结果77%的患者临床及影像学检查疗效评估佳,随访期内仅3例患者出现区域淋巴结转移复发。表明EF-IMRT可有效根治转移淋巴结病灶,降低局部复发率,并将晚期并发症控制在可以接受的范围内。Zhang等[28]近期进行了一项回顾性研究,纳入45例接受EF-IMRT和同步顺铂化疗的ⅠB2~ⅢB期宫颈癌患者,该研究对患者的急性和晚期毒性反应进行评分,结果表明顺铂化疗联合EF-IMRT较为安全,出现的急性和晚期毒性反应可以接受,同时有关数据显示EFIMRT可能保护卵巢移位年轻患者的内分泌功能。另有多项研究显示出EF-IMRT应用在淋巴结阳性宫颈癌患者的剂量学、肿瘤局部控制率、总生存率和不良反应等方面的优势[29-31]。
目前,公认IMRT在降低后期毒性和增加靶区剂量上优势明显,但鉴于调强放射治疗计划靶区(planning target volume,PTV)周围陡峭的剂量梯度,在治疗过程中微小的器官内部运动,可能导致靶区剂量损失和危及器官进入不必要的高剂量区。目前面临的重要问题之一是:考虑器官运动的程度和模式,以及在实施IMRT前研究潜在的影像引导放疗的解决方案。另外,治疗过程中肿瘤明显缩小可能导致肿瘤照射剂量不足或正常组织的剂量过高。Jadon等[32]检索了多个数据库的相关文献并进行了分析,结果表明在宫颈癌放疗靶区中子宫运动大于宫颈,且不同患者的器官运动模式有显著差异,靶区的位移从5~40 mm不等,常规的CTV到PTV的外放可能过大而使PTV内包含不必要的OAR。针对这一问题,可能的解决方案包括:在不同的方向上采取不同的外放距离,个体化的PTV外放和自适应图像引导放射治疗技术也被建议用来确保靶区覆盖率的同时提高OAR的保护。一项在剂量学方面的研究表明,每天自适应修正(margin-of-the-day,MoD)的调强放疗计划比使用临床常规推荐的靶区外放提供了更高的治疗准确性。首先在治疗前进行多次CT扫描,形成由不同外放距离组成的个性化IMRT计划库,在线自适应计划即在分次放疗时从中选择最适合的MoD计划,剂量学分析显示该法在不影响对直肠、膀胱和小肠保护的前提下,在靶区覆盖率上呈现出显著的优势[33]。Oh等[34]的研究认为MRI软组织图像引导的离线自适应放疗明显改善了靶区覆盖率,虽然这些方法目前被证明有效,但在应用到临床之前仍需大量研究论证。
另外,宫颈癌IMRT仍然存在其他潜在的缺陷,如,IMRT对靶区划定的准确性更高,这就需要更加精确的定位和摆位。因此,要提高技术人员的操作水平,尽可能减少定位和摆位误差。
IMRT出现后,有些学者提出使用同步加量技术(simultaneous integrated boost,SIB)瞄准肿瘤,以期得到更强的肿瘤杀伤作用,甚至用来替代近距离放射治疗。然而,在整个治疗过程中器官生理运动和肿瘤的迅速消退可能会大大减少这种方法的优势。Herrera等[35]进行了一项使用SIB治疗10例宫颈癌患者的回顾性研究,结果表明在器官运动和肿瘤消退的影响下,治疗期间同步加量的临床靶区出现了较大的偏差,2例患者接受的实际照射剂量<95%处方剂量,同时观察到OAR接受到更高剂量的现象。多元回归分析表明,同步加量的CTV剂量减少和OAR剂量的增加之间有显著的相互作用。由此可见,不能忽视同步加量的CTV在同步放化疗期间会发生退缩和运动位移,导致实际接受的治疗剂量低于预期值,OAR有不可预测的变化并接受到更高的剂量,盲目使用不做频繁调整的同步加量技术治疗计划使宫颈癌患者承受了不可预测的风险,因此,宫颈癌肿瘤原发灶的治疗仍需以腔内照射为主。
2007年Malhotra报道了IMRT可以模拟出腔内后装梨形高剂量区分布,从此开始了IMRT在后程加量中的相关研究。近年来,一些研究认为这两种技术可以相媲美。Mazeron等[36]认为需谨慎看待这些结果,不应掩盖在近距离放射治疗上使用三维成像和优化的最新进展。Assenholt等[37]比较了腔内治疗、腔内+IMRT和单纯IMRT在后程推量中的剂量分布情况,发现单纯IMRT组60 Gy剂量的照射体积明显高于其他组,由此认为可以根据个体的肿瘤形状及位置选择腔内后装+组织间插植技术或腔内后装+IMRT进行推量治疗,但不推荐单独使用IMRT进行后程推量治疗。另一项比较宫颈癌术后不同盆腔放疗方法的研究得出相似的结论,在全盆腔放疗后给予高剂量后装治疗和IMRT两种方法的剂量分布,结果表明在靶区覆盖率相当的情况下,腔内治疗的OAR剂量明显更低[38]。可见在宫颈癌的加量技术中调强的治疗效果逊于后装治疗。
近期Tharavichitkul等[39]进行了一项图像引导近距离放射治疗(image-guided brachytherapy,IGBT)联合盆腔IMRT治疗局部晚期宫颈癌的前瞻性研究,先给予15例患者WP-IMRT,CTV的处方剂量为45 Gy,高风险临床靶区(high-risk clinical target volume,HR-CTV)给予计算机断层扫描引导的IGBT,分4次完成,每次靶区剂量为7 Gy。结果在14个月的中位随访时间里,患者的局部控制率、无转移生存率和总生存率分别为93%、100%和93%。没有观察到3~4级急性和晚期毒性反应。表明IMRT联合IGBT可以改善肿瘤靶区的剂量分布及避免危及器官受过量照射,有良好的局部控制和较低的毒性反应发生率。
目前IMRT已广泛应用于宫颈癌的治疗,高精度立体定向IMRT技术及自适应调强放射治疗,三维优化图像引导的近距离放射治疗等的综合应用在宫颈癌的治疗中表现出独特的优势[40-42],但是仍存在较多问题需要解决。相信随着放射治疗计划实施过程的多方优化及更多的研究成果发表,IMRT治疗宫颈癌将有更为广阔的应用前景。
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