时间:2024-08-31
仲明惟,刘少壮,张光永,王琰珉,张 翔,刘 腾,闫治波,胡三元
(山东大学齐鲁医院,山东 济南,250012)
世界卫生组织预测,截至2008年,全球14 亿成人超重,其中有超过5 亿的肥胖患者[1]。在美国,肥胖成年人的比例为30%[2];2030年此指数将增加到50%[3]。肥胖问题不仅仅出现在成人中,在儿童中同样存在。据统计,美国有17%的肥胖儿童[2],至2030年可能增加到30%[3],其中75%的儿童成年后依然有肥胖的困扰[4]。肥胖对于2 型糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、动脉粥样硬化、心力衰竭、肿瘤、肝脏疾病、睡眠呼吸暂停综合征、不孕症、关节退行性变、抑郁症及痴呆等疾病而言,是一个主要的危险因素[5-7]。据2010年统计,我国成年人超重率为30. 6%,男性、女性分别为31. 5%、29.7%;肥 胖 率 为12. 0%,男 性 与 女 性 分 别 为11. 9%、12.1%,且超重率及肥胖率均呈上升趋势[8]。
2 型糖尿病可引起血管并发症,使过早死亡的发生率显著增加[9-12]。WHO 预测2000~2030年全球人口数将增加37%,而糖尿病患者将增加114%[12]。国际糖尿病联盟(international diabetes federation,IDF)统计,截至2013年,糖尿病患病人数为3.82 亿,预计至2035年将增长到5.92 亿[13]。不可忽视的是,糖尿病的巨大后备军——糖耐量受损人数将从2010年的3.44 亿增至2030年的4.72 亿[14]。IDF 报告指出80%的糖尿病负担来自中低收入国家[13],其中60%来自亚洲[15]。近年,我国糖尿病发病率迅速增加,据统计,2010年我国≥18 岁的居民糖尿病患病率为9.65%,其中男性为10.24%,女性为9.04%[16]。
1954年,Kremen 与Linner 等报道了首例空回肠旁路术(jejunoileal bypass,JIB),此后又出现了多种减重手术,如胆胰转流术(biliopancreatic diversion,BPD)合并/不合并十二指肠转位术(duodenal switch,DS)、可调节胃束带术(adjustable gastric banding,AGB)、Roux-en-Y 胃旁路术(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,RYGB)、袖状胃切除术(sleeve gastrectomy,SG)等。虽然胆胰转流/十二指肠转位术BPD/DS 较RYGB 具有更好的减肥效果,但其术后营养不良的相关并发症较多[17-19]。Griffen 等进行的随机对照研究显示,相较RYGB,JIB 具有更高的并发症发生率,且减肥效果弱于RYGB[20]。此外的两项对照研究也得到了相似的结果[21-22]。因此,在20 世纪80年代,JIB 已很少应用于减重手术中。虽然随机对照研究显示,术后5年RYGB 的减重效果明显优于腹腔镜可调节胃束带术(laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding,LAGB)[23-24],但鉴于RYGB 较长的手术时间及较高的围手术期并发症发生率,LAGB 仍被广泛应用于临床。近年,有随机对照研究显示,SG 与RYGB 的短期减重效果相当[25-26];而SG 的操作相对简单,且发生并发症的可能性小。
SG 或腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)是限制性减重手术,它最初是为高风险手术患者设计的减重手术的第一步,此后可转为RYGB 等其他术式。LSG 的中期减重效果优于LAGB[27-29],甚至可以与RYGB 相媲美。据报道,LSG 的额外体重丢失百分比(% excess body weight loss,%EWL)可达63%~75%。LSG 术后2 型糖尿病的缓解率可达82%~84%[26-27,30-32]。但同其他限制性减重手术一样[33-37],LSG 的长期减重效果或许并不乐观。有报道称,LSG 术后5年可出现体重反弹[38-39]。尽管如此,LSG 的效果仍然明显优于其他纯限制性减重手术。因此,我们有理由相信,相对其他纯限制性手术而言,LSG 具有独特的减重及缓解2 型糖尿病的机制。本文通过回顾SG 减重及缓解2型糖尿病机制的相关文献,对其减重及缓解2 型糖尿病的机制进行说明。
有报告显示,在大鼠静脉或脑室内予以胃促生长素(Ghrelin)后,胃酸分泌、胃动力呈剂量依赖性增加[40-41],从而促进了摄食的增加及食欲的增强。研究显示,2 型糖尿病患者血浆中Ghrelin 水平低于正常水平[42]。目前,Ghrelin 的生理作用尚未完全解释清楚。LSG 术后可引起Ghrelin 的下降[25-26,43-46]。但在其他的限制性减重手术中Ghrelin 表现为无明显变化甚至升高[47-53]。有对比研究发现,分别检测LSG、LAGB 术后1 个月及12 个月血中Ghrelin 的浓度,LSG术后患者血中Ghrelin 的浓度明显下降,而LAGB 术后血中Ghrelin 的浓度是上升的,且这种上升与体重的减轻是呈比例的[45]。这种血中Ghrelin 浓度的差异可能是LSG 减重效果优于LAGB 的原因之一。动物实验中也有相似结果,大鼠SG术后Ghrelin 浓度明显降低,而AGB 术后Ghrelin 的浓度升高。此研究还认为,LSG 术后Ghrelin 的敏感性是升高的,而AGB 术后Ghrelin 的敏感性无明显变化[46]。另有LSG 与RYGB 的对比研究表明,虽然两种术式的减重效果相当,但LSG 术后空腹Ghrelin 水平是降低的,而RYGB 术后空腹Ghrelin 水平无明显变化。LSG 与其他的限制性减重手术相比,它切除了胃底。而胃底是Ghrelin 分泌的主要部位。LSG 术中完全胃底切除是非常重要的。研究表明,胃底的不完全切除可作为单一因素影响LSG 术后Ghrelin 水平的升高、体重的反弹,甚至需再次手术切除膨胀的胃底[54]。
虽然LSG 未对肠道进行操作,但LSG 术后某些肠道激素的水平还是发生了变化。目前认为,肠道激素的变化在RYGB 术后体重减轻及2 型糖尿病缓解的机制中具有重要作用。同样,在其他的减重手术包括LSG 术中,肠道激素的变化对于体重减轻及2 型糖尿病的缓解可能也起到了非常重要的作用。
酪酪肽(peptide YY,PYY)是一种可抑制食欲的肠道激素,可抑制啮齿类动物、灵长类动物及人类的摄食[55]。研究发现,LSG 术后1 周可观测到餐后PYY 水平的升高[25]。而LSG 术后餐后PYY 水平的升高至少可持续到术后12 个月[26,56],且其升高水平与RYGB 术后相当[25-26,56]。胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)是30 个氨基酸的多肽,是目前所知最强的葡萄糖依赖型的胰岛素分泌促进激素。GLP-1 是随食物在肠道的消化吸收过程而分泌的,食物刺激肠道后,肠道L 细胞分泌GLP-1,糖类、脂类刺激作用最强,正常人餐后5~30 min 内,血浆中GLP-1 的浓度显著上升[57]。GLP-1 可促进胰岛素的生物合成与分泌,刺激胰岛β细胞的增殖与分化,抑制胰岛细胞凋亡,抑制胰高血糖素分泌,抑制餐后胃排空等作用[58-61]。LSG 术后同样可观测到餐后GLP-1 水平的升高,但这种升高并不如RYGB 术后明显[25-26]。目前这些肠道激素水平升高的机制尚未明确。
1994年,Friedman 等对肥胖的研究作出了巨大贡献。他们发现了瘦素——一种肥胖相关基因的产物,而这种物质在肥胖与2 型糖尿病的发展中具有重要作用[62]。瘦素(leptin)主要由脂肪细胞产生,通过与下丘脑内特异受体结合来减少神经肽Y(NPY)的表达,从而调节食欲与能量代谢。Leptin可增强骨骼肌内葡萄糖的摄取与氧化,减少肝糖原的输出。在肥胖、糖尿病个体中,血液leptin 水平明显增加,可能由于存在leptin 抵抗的原因。此时高水平的瘦素并未发挥降低体重、血糖的作用。目前认为,在肥胖患者中,高水平的瘦素并不能抑制食欲,对于食欲的抑制还依赖于瘦素的敏感性[63]。目前在人体实验中,均发现SG 术后leptin 水平降低[64]。但有报道称,在动物实验中虽然leptin 的水平也降低,但在下丘脑瘦素、黑皮质素-4 受体的表达及腹膜内瘦素敏感性中,并未观察到相应的改变[65],提示瘦素抵抗可能并未得到改善。
目前很多研究结果支持这种SG 术后相关激素水平的改变有助于减重及2 型糖尿病的缓解,但这些激素的作用机制及SG 术后这些激素的改变原因仍需进一步探索。
较早的研究认为,胃旁路术后胃排空的速度是减慢的,但这种胃排空的减慢与体重的减轻无关[66-67]。目前,我们普遍认为,RYGB 及SG 术后胃排空速度是增加的[68]。胃排空速度的改变与某些胃肠道激素分泌存在相互作用,并对能量的摄入产生重要影响。
研究表明,胃排空对于食欲及能量的摄取均有影响[69-72]。虽然从直觉上而言,快速胃排空应导致食欲增强,但事实上,胃排空的速度对于食欲控制是一个复杂过程。当食物进入胃并随后排入肠道时,胃的膨胀、营养物质刺激小肠的物理及化学感受器、胃肠道分泌的各种激素等多种因素共同参与食欲及饱腹感的调节,从而控制能量的摄入,抑制餐后进食行为[73-74]。胃的膨胀可通过刺激胃的张力感受器,并将信号传入大脑,从而完成对食欲的调节[75-76]。胃窦的膨胀及饱腹感的联系是非常紧密的[77-78]。此外,进食量与上一餐的胃残留内容物的量是呈反比的[79]。
这些研究表明,加速胃排空,降低胃内张力可能导致过多的食物摄入。然而,除了胃的膨胀外,营养物质进入小肠对于食欲及饱腹感也至关重要[80]。营养物质进入小肠后可刺激多种肠肽的释放,这些肠肽释放入血并间接地通过迷走神经抑制食欲[81-82]。进食后,位于十二指肠、空肠的I 细胞可释放胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin,CCK)[83],而主要位于末端小肠的L 细胞可释放GLP-1、PYY。GLP-1、PYY 对于食物的摄取均有双相反应[82]。营养物质对十二指肠的刺激很有可能产生一种或几种神经和/或体液信号,这些信号作用于远端小肠,刺激GLP-1 与PYY 的早期释放[84-87]。而随后才是营养物质直接作用于末端小肠从而导致GLP-1 及PYY 的分泌[82-88]。餐后早期,快速的胃排空与血浆CCK[89-90]、GLP-1[85,91]、PYY[90-92]水平直接相关。
进一步研究证实,GLP-1 的释放对于胃排空的速度而言存在一个阈值[85]。虽然GLP-1、PYY、CCK 的释放会抑制胃排空[93],但这种胃排空抑制的途径对于刺激肠道控制摄食而言并不是必需的[74,94],而是很有可能直接作用于饱腹感中枢[74,94-95]。相反,Ghrelin 可加快胃排空速度[96]。Ghrelin 可促进胃排空,而快速的胃排空与较低的Ghrelin 浓度有关[97-98],较低的Ghrelin 浓度反过来又与食欲的降低有关[97]。这些研究表明,胃排空速度减慢可能会在增加并延长胃膨胀的同时,延迟或减少CCK、GLP-1、PYY 的释放。这样虽然胃膨胀所引起的饱腹感会增加,但传入大脑的肠道饱胀信号却会降低[99]。食糜较快的从胃小囊中排出被认为在RYGB 术后厌食相关的神经体液调节中起了重要作用[91,100-101]。而SG 术后胃排空速度同RYGB 术后一样也是加快的[68]。研究认为,SG 虽然未造成十二指肠的旷置,但加速的胃排空可能参与了术后GLP-1[102]及PYY[58]等分泌的增加。SG 作为一种减重手术,其中期减重效果优于LAGB[27-29],甚至可与RYGB 相媲美。LSG 术后2 型糖尿病的缓解率可达82%~84%[26-27,30-32],并具有操作简单、术后并发症少等优点。但截至目前,SG 的减重及缓解2 型糖尿病的机制尚未明确。本课题组目前正从事SG 后减重及2 型糖尿病缓解机制的相关研究。我们认为,SG 术后胃肠道动力学及相关激素水平的改变可能分别作为其减重及2 型糖尿病缓解机制的一部分,也可能在二者相互作用的基础上共同参与到减重及2 型糖尿病缓解的机制中。今后的研究应进一步阐释其胃肠道动力、相关激素改变的原因及这些改变具体是通过何种途径作用的。通过进一步的研究,我们希望给肥胖及2 型糖尿病的治疗带来新的启示,甚至进一步揭示肥胖与2 型糖尿病的发病原因,以指导肥胖及2 型糖尿病的预防。
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